原发性卵巢癌肉瘤诊断与治疗5例并文献复习
Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Ovarian Carcinosarcoma in Five Cases and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153887, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 时钟岩*:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;于风胜, 于 啸, 王文杰, 王言奎#:青岛大学附属医院妇科,山东 青岛
关键词: 卵巢癌肉瘤手术化疗预后Ovarian Carcinosarcoma Surgery Chemotherapy Prognosis
摘要: 通过分析卵巢癌肉瘤的临床表现、体征、临床资料、诊疗过程及生存结局,结合国内外文献,总结最新诊疗方法,进而提升对该疾病的认识。本文回顾性分析青岛大学附属医院收治的5例卵巢癌肉瘤患者的临床表现以及诊断与治疗经验,并对相关文献进行回顾总结。所有患者均未出现特定症状,且糖类抗原125 (CA125)和人附睾蛋白4 (HE4)水平均升高。影像学检查显示4例患者为单侧卵巢肿瘤,1例患者累及双侧卵巢。增强CT扫描显示囊实性肿块,实性部分明显增强。5例患者均接受手术治疗,术后行紫杉醇和铂类化疗。3例患者没有复发或转移,1例患者复发后行维持化疗,1例患者死于复发和转移。
Abstract: By analyzing the clinical manifestations, signs, clinical data, diagnosis and treatment process, and survival outcomes of ovarian carcinosarcoma, combined with domestic and foreign literature, the latest diagnosis and treatment methods are summarized to enhance the understanding of this disease. This article retrospectively analyzes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment experience of 5 patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, and reviews and summarizes related literature. All patients did not exhibit specific symptoms, and the levels of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymal protein 4 (HE4) were elevated. Imaging examinations showed that 4 patients had unilateral ovarian tumors, and 1 patient involved both ovaries. Enhanced CT scan shows a cystic solid mass with significant enhancement in the solid part. All 5 patients underwent surgical treatment, followed by paclitaxel and platinum-based chemotherapy. Three patients did not experience recurrence or metastasis, one patient underwent maintenance chemotherapy after recurrence, and one patient died from recurrence and metastasis.
文章引用:时钟岩, 于风胜, 于啸, 王文杰, 王言奎. 原发性卵巢癌肉瘤诊断与治疗5例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 2513-2520. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153887

1. 引言

卵巢癌肉瘤(ovarian carcinosarcoma, OCS)是一种非常罕见的恶性肿瘤,占所有卵巢癌的1%~4% [1]。卵巢癌肉瘤,也称为恶性混合性苗勒管肿瘤(MMMT)或恶性混合性中胚层肿瘤[2],主要发生于有低生育力病史的绝经后女性[2] [3],平均发病年龄约为65岁[4]。本研究分析了青岛大学附属医院收治的5例卵巢癌肉瘤患者的临床表现、诊断和治疗,结合相关文献和当前研究的最新进展,对OCS的发生、发展及各种治疗过程进行总结,以寻求最佳治疗方案,延长患者的生存期,提高对该病的认识。

2. 病例报告

2.1. 临床表现

本文分析5例确诊为卵巢癌肉瘤患者的临床特征(表1)。患者年龄为50~65岁,平均年龄56.2岁。所有患者均未接受术前治疗。在出现的症状中,2例患者表现为腹痛,2例表现为阴道出血,1例表现为腹胀。

2.2. 影像学表现

5例患者中,1例患者为双侧卵巢肿瘤,4例患者表现为单侧肿瘤,2例累及左卵巢,2例累及右卵巢。超声提示附件区囊实性密度影,实性区有明显血流信号。增强计算机断层扫描(CT)显示囊性和实性成分混合密度肿块,实性部分增强不均匀。在病例1、2和3中,髂血管和腹膜后未见肿大的淋巴结。病例4在腹膜后和腹腔内可见多发结节影,提示转移伴腹水。同样,病例5显示腹膜后及腹腔多发结节影,符合转移性疾病,伴广泛性腹膜增厚(大网膜饼状增厚),肝门及腹主动脉旁淋巴结轻度肿大(图1图2)。

2.3. 组织病理学表现

5例患者病理镜检显示卵巢癌肉瘤,同时包含癌性和肉瘤性成分。恶性上皮和肉瘤成分的组成因患者而异。所有患者均未发现子宫病变(表2)。

2.4. 治疗与随访

手术干预是所有患者的主要治疗方法,每位患者均接受全子宫切除术、双侧输卵管–卵巢切除术、大网膜切除术以及盆腔和主动脉旁淋巴结清扫。根据国际妇产科学联合会(FIGO 2014)的分期系统,2例患者为IIB期,1例为IC期,1例为IIIC期,1例为IV期,术后所有患者均接受6个周期的紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗。化疗结束后开始随访。第2例患者在20个月后复发,随后行维持治疗。第5例患者13个月后复发,34个月死亡。其余3例患者术后健康存活,正在随访中,最长随访期达到69个月(表3)。

患者年龄65岁,临床表现为腹痛。图1(a)图1(b)超声提示盆腔左侧非均匀低回声肿块,大小约9.5 × 7.7 × 7.2 cm。图1(c)盆腔CT提示附件区8.2 × 10.8 cm囊实性肿块。图1(d)病理镜检示肿瘤由浆液性癌上皮和非特异性肉瘤组成(HE, ×200)。

Figure 1. Imaging and pathological features of Case 3

1. 病例3的影像及病理特征

患者年龄52岁,临床表现为阴道出血。图2(a)图2(b)超声示右侧附件区不均匀低回声肿块,约10.3 × 8.8 × 7.7 cm。图2(c) CT示盆腔内9.6 × 8.5 cm囊实性肿块。图2(d)病理镜检示肿瘤由癌性和肉瘤性成分组成,主要成分为高级别浆液性癌(HE, ×200)。

Figure 2. Imaging and pathological features of Case 5

2. 病例5的影像及病理特征

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of 5 patients

1. 5例患者的临床特征

No.

年龄

症状

肿瘤标志物

治疗

FIGO分期

预后

CA125 (U/mL)

HE4 (pmol/L)

随访时间()

复发时间

()

结局

1

58

腹胀

384.80

566.00

分期剖腹探查术,化疗

IIB

18

完全缓解,随访中

2

56

阴道流血

59.33

99.86

分期剖腹探查术,化疗

IIB

28

20

复发后行紫杉醇 + 卡铂维持治疗,随访中

3

65

腹痛

54.37

125.30

分期剖腹探查术,化疗

IC

69

完全缓解,随访中

4

50

腹痛

446.00

289.20

分期剖腹探查术,化疗

IIIC

36

完全缓解,随访中

5

52

阴道流血

217.90

147.80

分期剖腹探查术,化疗

IV

38

13

第一次复发行紫杉醇 + 卡铂维持治疗后缓解,第二次复发疾病进展死亡

Table 2. Histopathological features

2. 组织病理学特征

No.

肉瘤成分

上皮成分

免疫组化

1

非特异性

子宫内膜样癌

ER (−), PR (+), MSH (+)

2

软骨肉瘤

浆液性癌

ER (+−++), PR (+−+++), MSH (+)

3

非特异性

浆液性癌

ER (−), PR (−), MSH (+)

4

纤维肉瘤

浆液性癌

ER (++), PR (−), PD-L1 (+), MSH (+)

5

非特异性

浆液性癌

ER (−), PR (−), MSHv(+)

注:ER:雌激素受体;PR:孕激素受体;PD-L1:程序性死亡配体1;MSH:Muts同系物。+:阳性:++:中度阳性:+++:强阳性:−:阴性:(+−++)或(+−+−+++)表示不同程度的表达。

Table 3. Postoperative treatment

3. 术后治疗

No.

化疗

复发

1次复发后治疗

2次复发后治疗

随访结局

1

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

/

/

存活

2

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

+

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

/

存活

3

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

/

/

存活

4

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

/

/

存活

5

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

+

紫杉醇 + 铂(6周期)

姑息治疗

死亡

3. 讨论

3.1. 发病机制

卵巢癌肉瘤是一种罕见且高度侵袭性的卵巢癌,占所有卵巢恶性肿瘤的1%~4%。其特征表现为双相成分,包括恶性上皮和肉瘤成分[5]。与其相关的最常见的恶性上皮成分包括子宫内膜样腺癌和未分化腺癌,透明细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌也可能发生[6]。肉瘤成分可能是同源的,起源于正常卵巢间质组织,也可能是异源的,起源于卵巢外的组织[6]。同源肉瘤包括子宫内膜间质肉瘤、纤维肉瘤和平滑肌肉瘤[6]。异体肉瘤可表现为软骨样(软骨肉瘤)和横纹肌样分化(横纹肌肉瘤),少见的有血管肉瘤、骨肉瘤和脂肪肉瘤(少于5%的病例) [5]。组织遗传学分析倾向于转换理论,即这两种恶性成分(上皮细胞和间质细胞)都来源于一个共同的上皮干细胞,而不是独立起源(碰撞理论) [6]

3.2. 临床特征

卵巢癌肉瘤主要发生于绝经后妇女,其危险因素包括肥胖、不孕、长期使用雌激素或他莫昔芬[7]。卵巢癌肉瘤的临床特征是非特异性的,取决于肿瘤的位置、大小和侵袭性。症状包括腹痛、早期饱腹感、腹胀和胃肠道不适。虽然子宫癌肉瘤和卵巢癌肉瘤都是恶性混合性苗勒管肿瘤,但在临床表现上有一定的差异。子宫癌肉瘤的症状与子宫内膜癌相似,表现为阴道出血、盆腔肿块、下腹痛。卵巢恶性肿瘤常在腹膜扩散时被诊断出来,表现为盆腔肿块伴腹膜癌[8],伴CA125和HE4水平明显升高,影像学表现通常显示为单侧囊实性肿块,实性部分增强CT显著增强[9]。超过90%的病例扩散到卵巢以外,其中约33%的病例合并腹水[10] [11]。卵巢癌肉瘤预后较差,总生存期(OS)为8~32个月,且受疾病分期、肿瘤大小、组织学分级和腹膜侵犯等因素的影响[5] [12]

目前,卵巢癌肉瘤与其他卵巢癌类似,采用FIGO系统进行分期,研究表明分期是生存的重要预后指标(P < 0.01) [13]。一项回顾性研究分析了37例长期生存卵巢癌肉瘤患者(其中30%处于FIGO I期和II期),1年生存率为40%,5年生存率仅为6%,并且发现大约80%的II~IV期患者在诊断后的一年内死亡[14]。Athavale等[15]分析了上皮和基质成分对晚期OCS的影响,发现基质成分超过25%的肿瘤预后明显较差。

3.3. 治疗方式

在我们的研究中,所有患者都进行了分期手术,随后进行了铂类化疗。只有一名患者在诊断后43个月死亡,而其余患者至今仍存活。在我们的队列中观察到的延长的生存期可能归因于最佳的手术干预、肿瘤组织上皮成分占比较高以及对标准化术后化疗方案的坚持。由于癌肉瘤的罕见性,目前尚无既定的治疗指南[1] [2]。然而,细胞减灭术联合紫杉醇和铂类化疗被认为是OCS最有效的治疗策略[16]。Rauh-Hain等[17]证明,最大限度的肿瘤减灭术改善晚期患者的预后,特别是残余病变小于1 cm的患者。Muntz等在对27例OCS患者的回顾中报道了肿瘤减灭术的益处,未行最佳减灭术患者的2年生存率为14%,而实现最佳减灭术的患者的2年生存率为52% [18]。Sood等报道了47例患者,也证明了减灭手术显著改善患者预后[19]。卵巢癌肉瘤早期(I期)患者行淋巴结切除术与未行淋巴结切除术患者的OS无显著差异,提示淋巴结清扫可能不会显著影响早期患者的预后[20]。2010年的一项研究报道,接受淋巴结切除术的患者与未接受手术的患者相比死亡风险降低了34%。目前尚不清楚其益处来自更早的分期还是直接的治疗效果,因此淋巴结清扫术仍有争议[21]

全身化疗是癌肉瘤的一种辅助治疗。由于病例数量有限,目前尚未明确最佳的化疗方案。全身化疗一般分为铂类和非铂类方案[22]。鉴于异环磷酰胺治疗子宫癌肉瘤的疗效,已考虑将其用于卵巢癌肉瘤的治疗[23]。目前的研究表明,含铂化疗的缓解率为68%,而非铂方案的缓解率为23% [24]。部分文献报道与异环磷酰胺/紫杉醇方案相比,使用卡铂/紫杉醇方案的患者无进展生存期更长。此外,卡铂/紫杉醇方案更容易管理,异环磷酰胺可导致显著的血液和神经系统副作用[25] [26]。本研究中所有患者术后均接受了6个周期的紫杉醇联合卡铂全身化疗,其中3例患者为无复发生存状态。2例复发患者接受了紫杉醇联合卡铂维持治疗,1例患者存活并定期随访中,另1例患者因第二次复发而死亡。本研究的局限性在于,我们只对复发患者经验性地给予紫杉醇和铂类化疗,没有从复发病变中获取病理标本。随着研究的进展,我们希望对后续复发患者进行组织病理学检测,并根据肿瘤组成,特别是肉瘤成分,选择更合适的化疗方案。已有文献报道,使用卡铂/紫杉醇方案的患者与异环磷酰胺/紫杉醇方案的患者有相似的总生存期[25] [26]。因此,异环磷酰胺可以考虑用于铂耐药复发的患者。现有文献报道,部分卵巢癌肉瘤患者在化疗之外或代替化疗接受放疗,但对晚期癌肉瘤使用放疗的指征不明确[27]。目前还没有前瞻性研究表明辅助放疗能延长患者的总体生存期[28]

经验表明,卵巢癌肉瘤对化疗的敏感性低于上皮性卵巢癌,因此需要探索替代疗法改善患者预后。现有研究表明,表达程序性死亡配体1 (PD-L1)的患者生存率较低,这表明针对该途径的免疫治疗具有潜在作用[29]。虽然一些病例报告表明PARP抑制剂可能为患者提供临床益处,但证据仍不充分[30]。鉴于本研究的病例数量有限,且患者缺乏免疫治疗,有必要进行更大规模的研究,以确定PARP抑制剂对预后的影响。此外,内分泌治疗也可成为辅助治疗的选择。雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)是促进卵巢癌发展的重要转录因子[31]。对于ER阳性的患者,可考虑使用选择性雌激素受体调节剂(selective estrogen receptor modulator, SERM)。本研究中的第4例患者在这一阶段使用SERM可能改善其预后。现有研究表明,人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER-2)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)在部分患者中过表达,这表明曲妥珠单抗和抗血管生成药物以及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)抑制剂可能是进一步潜在的治疗策略[32]

3.4. 不足与展望

本研究在卵巢癌肉瘤发病机制的揭示中仅局限于组织病理及免疫组化相关分析,在分子生物学相关研究,例如基因测序、蛋白质组学等方面,没有进一步讨论卵巢癌肉瘤的发生发展机制及其与临床表现之间的联系。此外,本研究样本量较少且为回顾性研究,结果可能存在偏倚。因此,本研究后续将继续收集卵巢癌肉瘤病例资料,进一步揭示该疾病发生发展规律,以求更佳的诊疗方案并改善患者预后。

4. 结论

卵巢癌肉瘤是一种罕见且具有高度侵袭性的恶性肿瘤,病因不明。临床和影像学表现往往缺乏特异性,最终诊断依赖于术后组织病理学检查。其预后很差,特别是对于疾病晚期的患者。目前,最有效的治疗方法是肿瘤减灭术结合以铂和紫杉醇为基础的化疗。回顾现有文献,我们建议复发性卵巢癌肉瘤患者采用异环磷酰胺化疗,并根据免疫组织化学确定辅助治疗方案。遗传和分子信号通路的相关研究可能有助于确定更有效的辅助治疗方案。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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