经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后鱼精蛋白对肝素抗凝作用的逆转:一项系统综述和荟萃分析
Reversal of Heparin Anticoagulation by Protamine after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract: Objective: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of protamine in reversing heparin anticoagulation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant literature on protamine reversing heparin anticoagulation after PCI. The search period was set from the database establishment to 2023, and the references of included literature were also traced. The researchers screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and extracted the valid data for quality evaluation. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 software. Results: A total of 9 articles were included in this study. The Meta-analysis results showed that using protamine after PCI significantly reduced the incidence of hematoma [RR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.37~0.66] and the risk of in-stent thrombosis [RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14~0.83] in patients, but had no significant effect on the total mortality [RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.59~1.63], myocardial infarction, and the incidence of hypotension [RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86~1.13]. Conclusion: This study confirmed that using protamine to reverse heparin anticoagulation after PCI can reduce the incidence of hematoma and in-stent thrombosis in patients after PCI, and does not increase the mortality, myocardial infarction, and the incidence of hypotension in patients, demonstrating certain safety and efficacy.
文章引用:张海晶, 邓长江, 徐一心. 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后鱼精蛋白对肝素抗凝作用的逆转:一项系统综述和荟萃分析[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(2): 568-576. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.42216

1. 引言

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, CHD)是冠状动脉粥样硬化使血管管腔狭窄或阻塞、冠状动脉痉挛导致心肌缺血缺氧或坏死而引起的心脏病。目前冠心病已经成为全世界人口主要死亡原因之一[1],普遍存在于发达国家和发展中国家,根据《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2020》概要提示,2013年中国大陆15岁及以上居民冠心病患病人数已达1139.6万人[2]。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)作为治疗冠心病的有效手段已被国内外医学界广泛认可[3],成为临床上心肌血运重建的重要手段[4]。作为一种非手术、侵入性的治疗方式,PCI通常需要在术中使用肝素来维持动静脉管路通畅,从而导致手术患者出血、凝血功能障碍及肝素诱导的血小板减少症(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, HIT)等并发症风险增加[5]-[7]。心血管外科手术常使用鱼精蛋白来逆转肝素的抗凝作用[8],但由于其可能会增加急性支架内血栓形成的风险,出现肝素反弹及潜在的过敏或过敏性反应,所以在PCI术中并未得到充分应用[9]。本研究通过收集PCI术后使用鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素抗凝作用的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials, RCTs),系统评估PCI术后使用鱼精蛋白逆转肝素抗凝作用的安全性和有效性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 检索策略

根据主题词Percutaneous Coronary Intervention、Protamines及其自由词计算机检索PubMed和the Cochrane Library数据库,搜索PCI术后鱼精蛋白逆转肝素抗凝作用的相关RCT,检索时间截至2023年。同时根据已发表文献中的参考文献进行文献追溯。

2.2. 文献纳入及排除标准

2.2.1. 纳入标准

① 研究对象:左主干和多支血管病变冠心病患者;② 实验组:在PCI手术后使用鱼精蛋白;③ 对照组:在PCI手术后不使用鱼精蛋白;④ 设计类型:随机对照试验;⑤ 结局指标:血肿发生率、支架内血栓发生率、死亡率、心梗和低血压发生率。

2.2.2. 排除标准

① 未明确使用鱼精蛋白组;② 患者合并严重的器质性疾病;③ 信息、数据有缺失;④ 重复文献;⑤ 文献质量评价低于B级。

2.3. 资料提取

由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准独立筛选相关文献,若对文献是否纳入存在分歧,则通过与第三方协商达成一致意见。首先对文献标题、摘要初步筛查,排除明显不相关文献,然后阅读全文复筛。提取相关资料:研究设计,时间及发生血肿,支架血栓,死亡,心梗及低血压的样本人数。

2.4. 质量评价

2名评价人员参照Cochrane系统评价标准对纳入研究的偏倚风险进行评估。其评价内容包括:随机分配方法;分配方案隐藏;是否采用盲法;结果数据的完整性;选择性报告研究结果(研究报告是否提示无选择性报告结果);其他偏倚来源(提前终止研究、基线不平衡等)。如纳入研究完全满足上述评价标准,质量等级为A级,发生偏倚的可能性小;如部分满足上述评价标准,质量等级为b级,发生偏倚的可能性为中度;如研究完全不符合上述评价标准,质量等级为C级,发生偏倚的可能性高。

2.5. 统计学处理

采用Stata16.0软件进行Meta分析。所有结局效应量采用相对危险度(RR)及95%置信区间(CI)来进行表示。采用Q检验评估各研究间的异质性[10],结合I2及相应的P值来评价异质性的大小,若P > 0.10,I2 ≤ 50%,表示各研究结果间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行分析;若P ≤ 0.10,I2 > 50%,首先分析导致异质性的原因,如设计方案、性别、对照选择等因素是否一致,由这些原因导致的可用亚组分析,若经过这些方法分析处理后多个研究结果仍然有异质性,则采用随机效应模型进行分析。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索结果

按照相应检索式进行初步检索,检出相关文献401篇,阅读文题和摘要后初筛,361篇文献被排除,剩余40篇文献经详细阅读全文后,根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入9篇文献[6] [11]-[18],文献筛选流程(见图1)。

3.2. 纳入文献的基本特征

9篇纳入文献中,4篇研究纳入PCI术后血肿发生人数;5篇研究纳入PCI术后发生支架血栓人数;4篇研究纳入PCI术后发生死亡人数;3篇研究纳入PCI术后发生心梗人数;3篇研究纳入PCI术后发生低血压人数。

3.3. 纳入文献的方法学质量评价

纳入的9篇文献根据Cochrane偏倚风险评价标准进行严格的质量评价和分级。9篇文献质量中等,证据等级均为B级(见图2图3)。

Figure 1. Flowchart of literature screening

1. 文献筛选流程图

Figure 2. Literature bias evaluation map

2. 文献偏倚评价图

Figure 3. Overview of literature bias

3. 文献偏倚概述

3.4. Meta分析结果

3.4.1. 血肿发生率比较

实验组与对照组在PCI术后血肿发生率比较研究共纳入4个RCTs [11] [13] [15] [17],各研究间异质性较小(P = 0.413, I2 = 0.0%),表示各研究结果间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果显示,在PCI手术后使用鱼精蛋白可以降低患者的血肿发生率[RR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.37~0.66] (见图4)。

3.4.2. 支架内血栓发生率比较

实验组与对照组在PCI术后支架内血栓发生率比较研究共纳入5个RCTs [13]-[17],各研究间异质性较小(P = 0.920, I2 = 0.0%),表示各研究结果间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果显示,在PCI手术后使用鱼精蛋白可以降低患者支架血栓的风险[RR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.14~0.83] (见图5)。

Figure 4. Forest plot of the incidence of hematoma between the experimental group and the control group

4. 实验组与对照组血肿发生率森林图

Figure 5. Forest plot of the incidence of in-stent thrombosis between the experimental group and the control group

5. 实验组与对照组支架内血栓发生率森林图

3.4.3. 死亡发生率比较

实验组与对照组在PCI术后死亡率比较研究共纳入4个RCTs [11]-[13] [17],各研究间异质性较小(P = 0.591, I2 = 0.0%),表示各研究结果间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果显示,实验组与对照组死亡率差别无统计学意义,即在PCI手术后使用鱼精蛋白不增加患者死亡风险[RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.59~1.63] (见图6)。

Figure 6. Forest plot of mortality rates between the experimental group and the control group

6. 实验组与对照组死亡率森林图

Figure 7. Forest plot of the incidence rates of myocardial infarction and hypotension between the experimental group and the control group

7. 实验组与对照组心梗及低血压发生率森林图

3.4.4. 心梗及低血压发生率比较

实验组与对照组在PCI术后心梗及低血压发生率比较研究共纳入5个RCTs [6] [12]-[14] [18],各研究间异质性较小(P = 0.244, I2 = 25.3%),表示各研究结果间异质性可接受,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果显示,实验组与对照组心梗及低血压发生率差别无统计学意义,即在PCI手术后使用鱼精蛋白不增加患者心梗和低血压的发生风险[RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.86~1.13] (见图7)。

4. 讨论

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)是由粥样硬化斑块阻塞冠状动脉引起心肌缺血缺氧而导致的心脏病[19],是最常见的慢性疾病之一,近年来其病死率逐年增长[20],已成为心血管疾病最主要的死亡原因[21]。随着介入导管技术的不断更新与发展,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)已成为冠心最主要的治疗手段[22]。肝素作为PCI术中最常用的抗凝血酶药物之一[23],肝素具有抑制血栓、改善微血管功能的作用,可阻断凝血级联反应,但同时也会增加患者的出血风险[24]。临床上多使用鱼精蛋白来逆转肝素的抗凝作用[25],从而降低患者的血肿发生率与支架内血栓形成的风险。

本研究Meta分析对纳入的9篇文献进行了系统分析,结果显示,在PCI治疗术后使用鱼精蛋白可以降低患者的血肿和支架内血栓发生风险,说明PCI术后鱼精蛋白的使用具有一定的有效性;并且在PCI治疗术后使用鱼精蛋白对患者的死亡、心肌梗死和低血压发生风险没有显著影响,说明在PCI术后鱼精蛋白的使用具有一定的安全性,这与先前的研究结果一致。

本Meta分析仍存在一定的局限性:首先,所选研究方法在方法学上存在偏倚的可能。其次,该研究仅检索了公开发表的中英文文献,缺少灰色文献,且纳入文献数量较少,存在发表偏倚的可能。除此,所纳入研究的血肿发生率,支架内血栓发生风险不一致等原因可能导致偏倚。

综上所述,在经皮冠状动脉治疗手术后使用鱼精蛋白不仅可以降低血肿与支架内血栓的发生风险,且不增加患者死亡、心梗及低血压发生的风险。进一步证实了PCI术后使用鱼精蛋白逆转肝素抗凝作用具有一定的安全性和有效性。基于本研究的局限性,未来需要进行更大规模的研究,进一步证实此结论。

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