帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪中“明知”的法律适用研究

Study on the Legal Application of “Knowing” in the Crime of Assisting Information Network Criminal Activities

摘要: 随着网络犯罪在全球范围内的激增，帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪在我国司法实践中适用频率日益频繁，而“明知”作为其核心构成要件，内涵界定模糊、认定标准不一等问题引发诸多争议，导致司法实践中出现适用范围不当扩大的趋势，甚至存在“口袋化”风险。文章通过系统化梳理“明知”相关理论，提出该罪中的“明知”是指“明知”和“应知”。并且强调“明知”的认定方式需要遵循“具体情形 + 综合认定”的方法。司法实践中对“明知”的认定存在简化证明过程、过度依赖客观规则等倾向，另外当前明知推定规则仍存在标准模糊、适用泛化等问题，可能降低证明标准。为优化法律适用，文章主张从以下两方面进行完善：其一，限缩“明知”的内涵，区分普通人与专业人员的认知标准；其二，严格限制推定规则的适用条件，要求仅在排除“明确知道”且证据充分情况下适用。

Abstract: With the surge of network crime in the global scope, helping information network crime activity crime, in our country judicial practice increasingly frequent frequency, and “knowing” as its core component elements, “knowing” the connotation of fuzzy, different standard problems cause controversy, lead to the trend of judicial practice, even “pocket” risk. By systematically sorting out the relevant theories of “knowing”, this paper puts forward that “knowing” in this crime refers to “knowing” and “should know”. It also emphasizes that the identification method of “knowing” should follow the method of “specific situation + comprehensive identification”. In judicial practice, the identification of “knowing” tends to simplify the certification process and over-rely on objective rules. In addition, the current knowing presumption rules still have problems, such as fuzzy standards and applicable generalization, which may reduce the standard of proof. In order to optimize the application of the law, this paper advocates improvement from the following two aspects: first, limit the connotation of “knowing” and distinguish the cognitive standards between ordinary people and professionals; second, the applicable conditions of the presumption rules are strictly restricted, requiring only the exclusion of “clear knowing” and sufficient evidence.