婴幼儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的相关危险因素分析
Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Acute Appendicitis Perforation in Infants
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1541111, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 王红莉*:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;董 蒨, 朱荣坤, 郝希伟#:青岛大学附属医院小儿外科,山东 青岛
关键词: 急性阑尾炎穿孔外科手术婴幼儿联合预测Acute Appendicitis Perforation Surgical Procedures Infant Combined Assessment
摘要: 目的:分析婴幼儿急性阑尾炎(AA)穿孔的独立危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2018年1月至2024年3月期间收治的85例急性阑尾炎婴幼儿的临床资料,依据术中阑尾穿孔情况及术后病理结果,将患儿分为穿孔组(n = 29)和非穿孔组(n = 56)。进一步对比两组患儿的性别、年龄、发病至入院时间、入院前最高体温、脉率、营养状况、术前是否使用抗生素、临床症状及体征、术前实验室检查结果等指标,并采用单因素分析比较两组间基线资料的差异,采用二元logistic回归方法,对穿孔性阑尾炎的独立危险因素进行筛选,同时绘制ROC曲线以评估预测效果。结果:85例急性阑尾炎患儿中穿孔29例,占34.12%,穿孔组患儿在发病至入院时间、入院前最高体温、营养状况、术前是否使用抗生素治疗、恶心/呕吐、腹部压痛、反跳痛、转移性右下腹痛、阑尾粪石和盆腹腔积液、血WBC和CRP水平与非穿孔组患儿比较有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。Logistic分析结果表明,发病至入院时间、入院前最高体温、阑尾粪石、血WBC及CRP水平是急性阑尾炎患儿发生穿孔的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。进一步绘制ROC曲线显示,上述指标的曲线下面积分别为0.827、0.726、0.631、0.836和0.787 (P < 0.05)。各个指标联合预测穿孔性阑尾炎风险时曲线下面积为0.962,敏感度0.931,特异度0.893。结论:发病至入院时间、入院前最高体温、阑尾粪石、血WBC和CRP水平是婴幼儿急性阑尾炎伴穿孔的独立危险因素,各指标联合预测对阑尾炎穿孔的诊断价值更高。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the independent risk factors for perforation in infants with acute appendicitis (AA). Methods: The clinical data of 85 infants and young children with acute appendicitis admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the intraoperative observation of the appendix and pathological results, patients were divided into two groups: perforated (n = 29) and non-perforated (n = 56). The two groups were compared in terms of gender, age, time from symptom onset to admission, maximum body temperature before admission, pulse rate, nutritional status, preoperative antibiotics use, clinical symptoms and signs, presence of fecaliths in the appendix, presence of ascites in the abdominal cavity, and preoperative laboratory test results. Univariate analysis was conducted to compare baseline characteristics between the two groups, followed by binary logistic regression to identify independent risk factors of perforated appendicitis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was also constructed. Result: Among 85 children diagnosed with acute appendicitis, 29 cases (34.12%) experienced perforation. Significant differences were observed between the perforation and non-perforation groups in terms of time from symptom onset to hospital admission, highest pre-admission body temperature, nutritional status, preoperative antibiotic treatment, presence of nausea/vomiting, abdominal tenderness, rebound pain, migratory right lower quadrant pain, appendicolith, pelvic ascites, white blood cell (WBC) count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified time from symptom onset to hospital admission, highest pre-admission body temperature, presence of appendicolith, WBC count, and CRP levels as independent risk factors for perforation in pediatric acute appendicitis (P < 0.05). The areas under the ROC curve for these indicators were 0.827, 0.726, 0.631, 0.836, and 0.787, respectively (P < 0.05). When combined, the area under the curve for predicting the risk of perforated appendicitis was 0.962, with a sensitivity of 0.931 and specificity of 0.893. Conclusion: The time from onset to admission, the highest body temperature prior to admission, presence of an appendicolith, and levels of WBC and CRP are independent risk factors for perforated acute appendicitis in infants and young children. The combined assessment of these indices provides greater diagnostic accuracy for identifying perforated acute appendicitis.
文章引用:王红莉, 董蒨, 朱荣坤, 郝希伟. 婴幼儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的相关危险因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(4): 1703-1710. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1541111

1. 引言

急性阑尾炎(acute appendicitis, AA)是儿外科常见的疾病之一,占所有腹痛患儿人数的1%~8% [1]-[3]。研究发现,AA的发病率在20岁左右达到高峰。5岁以下儿童的阑尾炎不常见(<9%),1岁以下儿童的阑尾炎更少见(<0.9%) [4],但却伴随着较高的误诊率。这一年龄组的阑尾炎发病率低被认为是由于1岁以内阑尾的结构不同所导致。最初,阑尾呈漏斗状,淋巴组织较少,因此梗阻和发生阑尾炎的风险较低[5]。阑尾在1~2岁时生长成正常的成人样圆锥状,并伴有淋巴滤泡增生,直至青少年晚期。科学家认为,婴儿的主要软硬饮食也降低了1岁以下儿童阑尾炎的发生率。但是,由于婴幼儿AA缺乏典型的临床表现和无法充分表达自身症状[6]-[9],极易与急性胃肠炎、急性肠系膜淋巴结炎等儿童常见病相混淆,最终导致病情进展,产生一系列并发症影响患儿预后。有文献报道AA穿孔率与患儿年龄呈负相关,5岁以内AA的穿孔率为47.3%,2岁以内AA的穿孔率接近100% [8] [10]。因此,婴幼儿AA的诊断需借助实验室结果及影像学检查与患儿临床表现综合评估。研究表明,预测AA穿孔的独立危险因素可能包括发病时间、腹肌紧张、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、Alvarado评分,但能够综合这些危险因素评估急性阑尾炎穿孔风险的文献报道较少。因此,对儿外科医生而言,如何早期识别、预测婴幼儿穿孔性阑尾炎,降低危险结局的发生率成了目前研究的重点。本研究通过收集于我院就诊并诊断为AA婴幼儿的临床资料和阑尾切除术前的实验室检查结果并进行对比分析,筛选出穿孔性阑尾炎的独立危险因素,旨在对婴幼儿急性阑尾炎伴穿孔风险进行早期预测提供参考。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾性分析2018年1月至2024年3月于青岛大学附属医院小儿外科就诊并行阑尾切除术的患儿,根据纳入和排除标准共筛选出85例。纳入标准:① 年龄 ≤ 3岁;② 阑尾切除术后经病理确诊为AA;③ 临床病历资料完整。排除标准:① 合并炎症性疾病,血液肿瘤性疾病,免疫缺陷病;② 伴有呼吸系统、泌尿系统等其他感染性疾病;③ 术中确认存在阑尾脓肿或合并肠穿孔、憩室等病变。

2.2. 分组

基于术中病变程度和术后病理结果,85例AA患儿被分为穿孔组与非穿孔组。其中,阑尾存在肿胀、充血或脓性渗出但未进展为阑尾坏疽或穿孔定义为非穿孔性阑尾炎。阑尾组织部分或全层坏疽或存在阑尾穿孔征象定义为穿孔性阑尾炎。本组资料中,男孩43例,女孩42例,年龄在3~36个月,平均年龄26.96 ± 6.98月。急性阑尾炎穿孔组29例,急性阑尾炎非穿孔组56例。

2.3. 资料收集

回顾性收集患儿的性别、年龄、发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、脉率、营养状况、临床表现(转移性右下腹痛、恶心/呕吐、腹部压痛、反跳痛)、阑尾切除术前实验室检查指标,如白细胞计数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞绝对值比值(NLR)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、总胆红素水平(TBIL)、血浆D-二聚体(D-D)以及阑尾粪石和盆腹腔积液情况。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布和方差齐性的计量资料以 x ¯ ±s 表示,组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布或方差齐性的计量资料以中位数M (P25, P75)表示,组间比较使用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2或Fisher确切概率法。对两组患儿的多项指标进行单因素分析,并对有统计学意义的指标进行二元Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,筛选婴幼儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的独立危险因素,并通过绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线验证,以ROC曲线下面积(area under ROC curve, AUC) > 0.5认为具有预测价值,数值越接近于1.0,预测准确性越大。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义,置信区间为95%。

3. 结果

85例急性阑尾炎患儿中,阑尾炎发生穿孔29例,穿孔率为34.12%,其中两组患儿的性别、年龄、脉率比较差异无显著性(P > 0.05);而患儿发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、术前是否使用抗生素、营养状况、恶心/呕吐、转移性右下腹痛、压痛、反跳痛、阑尾是否含有粪石和盆腹腔是否有积液比较差异具有显著性意义(χ2 = 1.253~29.198, P < 0.05)。见表1。两组患儿入院时PDW、MPV、TBIL水平差异无显著性(P > 0.05);两组患儿血WBC、CRP、NLR、D-D差异有显著性(t值分别为 < 0.001,<0.001,0.005,0036,P < 0.05)。见表2。上述单因素分析表明,共有14个危险因素与婴幼儿阑尾炎穿孔的发生有关,即发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、术前是否使用抗生素、营养状况、恶心/呕吐、转移性右下腹痛、压痛、反跳痛、阑尾粪石和盆腹腔积液情况,以及血WBC、CRP、NLR、D-D。但本次研究针对的儿童年龄范围为3岁及以内,与大龄儿童相比,婴幼儿难以准确叙述自身病情和配合查体,同时儿外科医生通过认真查体准确辨析转移性右下腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛存在困难,以上三因素均可能存在较大的信息偏倚从而影响结论,故从本研究中剔除。最终确定纳入二元logistic回归分析的因素为患儿发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、术前是否使用抗生素、营养状况、恶心/呕吐、阑尾粪石和盆腹腔积液情况,以及血WBC、CRP、NLR及D-D。以阑尾是否穿孔设为因变量,单因素分析中具有统计学意义的指标为自变量,结果表明发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、阑尾粪石、血WBC、CRP是急性阑尾炎伴穿孔的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。见表3。分别将发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、阑尾粪石、血WBC和CRP水平作为独立预测因子,绘制ROC曲线。单指标预测中AUC分别是0.827 (95% CI: 0.733~0.921)、0.726 (95% CI: 0.615~0.836)、0.631 (95% CI: 0.506~0.755)、0.836 (95% CI: 0.746~0.926)、0.787 (95% CI: 0.693~0.881),WBC和CRP的临界值分别为19.12 × 109/L和30.11 mg/L,以发病至就诊时间和血WBC水平的预测价值较高。当所有预测指标联合预测后曲线下面积为0.962 (95% CI: 0.928~0.996),故联合预测后的预测价值更高。见表4图1

Table 1. Comparison of the general clinical data of the two groups

1. 两组患儿一般临床资料比较

影响因素

急性阑尾炎穿孔组(n = 29)

急性阑尾炎非穿孔组(n = 56)

t/χ2

P值

性别

1.493

0.222

12 (41.38%)

31 (55.36%)

17 (58.62%)

25 (44.64%)

年龄

25.79 ± 7.95

27.57 ± 6.42

−1.115

0.268

病程[例(%)]

29.198

<0.001

<24 h

2 (0.07%)

26 (46.43%)

24~48 h

5 (17.24%)

16 (28.57%)

48~72 h

9 (31.03%)

12 (21.43%)

>72 h

13 (44.83%)

2 (3.58%)

体温 ≥ 38.5℃ [例(%)]

25 (86.21%)

23 (41.07%)

15.834

<0.001

脉率(次/分)

109.21±16.53

105.11±13.02

1.253

0.214

术前抗生素[例(%)]

16 (55.17%)

18 (32.14%)

4.222

0.040

营养状况a[例(%)]

0.025

消瘦

21 (72.41%)

24 (42.86%)

正常

7 (24.14%)

28 (50.00%)

超重

1 (3.45%)

4 (7.14%)

恶心/呕吐[例(%)]

22 (75.86%)

26 (46.43%)

6.734

0.009

压痛[例(%)]

27 (93.10%)

38 (67.86%)

6.768

0.009

反跳痛[例(%)]

21 (72.41%)

26 (46.43%)

5.219

0.022

转移性右下腹痛[例(%)]

15 (51.72%)

15 (27.79%)

5.203

0.023

粪石[例(%)]

20 (68.97%)

24 (42.86%)

5.216

0.022

腹腔积液[例(%)]

6 (20.69%)

3 (5.36%)

4.744

0.029

注:a. 按照体重指数计算,<18.5 kg/m2为偏瘦,18.5~24 kg/m2为正常,>24 kg/m2为超重。

Table 2. Comparison of the laboratory data of the two groups

2. 两组患儿实验室资料比较

影响因素

急性阑尾炎穿孔组(n = 27)

急性阑尾炎非穿孔组(n = 54)

t/Z值

P值

WBC计数(× 109/L)

24.69 ± 10.16

13.53 ± 5.44

5.521

<0.001

CRP (mg/L)

76.44 ± 48.57

37.30 ± 35.68

3.836

<0.001

NLR

5.44(4.13,7.51)

3.25(1.83,5.53)

−2.790

0.005

D-D (ug/ml)

3453.79 ± 3416.50

1913.95 ± 3017.74

2.131

0.036

TBIL (umol/L)

18.06 ± 7.85

14.77 ± 29.61

0.585

0.560

PDW (fl)

13.23 ± 3.16

13.36 ± 2.97

−0.179

0.858

MPV (fl)

8.97 ± 1.53

8.57 ± 0.91

1.525

0.131

注:NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞绝对值比值;PDW:血小板分布宽度;MPV:平均血小板体积。

Table 3. Analysis of independent risk factors for perforated appendicitis in infants

3. 穿孔性阑尾炎患儿的独立危险因素分析

变量

回归系数

标准

误差

Wald χ2

P值

OR值

95%置信区间

上限

下限

发病至入院时间(以<24 h为参照)

7.897

0.048

发病至入院时间(24~48 h)

−7.540

2.797

7.270

0.007

0.001

0.000

0.128

发病至入院时间(48~72 h)

−6.214

2.401

6.697

0.010

0.002

0.000

0.221

发病至入院时间(>72 h)

−5.851

2.493

5.509

0.019

0.003

0.000

0.381

体温 ≥ 38.5℃

3.154

1.595

3.909

0.048

23.418

1.028

533.571

术前是否使用抗生素

1.107

1.618

0.468

0.494

3.024

0.127

72.058

营养状况(以偏瘦为参照)

2.408

0.300

营养状况(正常)

5.877

4.903

1.436

0.231

356.593

0.024

5319860.825

营养状况(超重)

7.341

5.117

2.059

0.151

1542.547

0.068

34949437.27

恶心/呕吐

1.274

1.145

1.237

0.266

3.575

0.379

33.731

粪石

4.827

2.045

5.572

0.018

124.801

2.269

6865.405

腹腔积液

4.653

3.065

2.305

0.129

104.925

0.258

42623.951

WBC

0.360

0.134

7.235

0.007

1.433

1.102

1.862

CRP

0.039

0.019

4.007

0.045

1.040

1.001

1.080

NLR

0.318

0.249

1.628

0.202

1.375

0.843

2.242

D-D

0.000

0.000

0.554

0.457

1.000

1.000

1.001

Table 4. The area under the ROC curve of each index for determining perforated appendicitis

4. 各指标判断穿孔性阑尾炎的ROC曲线下面积

指标

AUC

P值

95%置信区间

敏感度

特异度

下限

上限

入院至就诊时间

0.827

<0.001

0.733

0.921

0.759

0.750

体温

0.726

0.001

0.615

0.836

0.862

0.589

粪石

0.631

0.049

0.506

0.755

0.690

0.571

WBC

0.836

<0.001

0.746

0.926

0.690

0.875

CRP

0.787

<0.001

0.693

0.881

0.966

0.571

联合预测*

0.962

<0.001

0.928

0.996

0.931

0.893

注:AUC:曲线下面积;*为入院至就诊时间 + 体温 + 粪石 + WBC + CRP进行联合预测。

Figure 1. ROC curve of subjects’ working characteristics for each indicator

1. 各指标受试者工作特征曲线图

4. 讨论

小儿AA的主要特点是阑尾动脉管径较成年人小,属于终末动脉。若阑尾内容物滞留,压力升高会压迫阑尾管壁的血管,导致缺血或坏死,严重时穿孔。此外,小儿阑尾壁较薄及直径较小,容易发生梗阻和穿孔。同时,由于小儿大网膜发育并不完善,较短且薄,阑尾炎发生难以包裹,穿孔后易迅速进展为弥漫性腹膜炎[11]。因此,早期预测、及时识别和干预穿孔性阑尾炎显得极为重要。目前对于AA的研究,国内外大多集中于儿童穿孔性阑尾炎的独立危险因素及临床预测模型的探索,但很少涉及婴幼儿。婴幼儿阑尾炎,临床症状不典型,容易被误诊或漏诊[12]。因此,本研究通过系统性评估小儿外科常用的临床信息,并对有统计学意义的指标进行多因素logistic回归分析,旨在寻求婴幼儿穿孔性阑尾炎的危险因素,帮助临床医生早期识别阑尾穿孔患儿,降低误诊率和并发症发生率。

本研究结果显示,在85例急性阑尾炎婴幼儿中,29例出现坏疽穿孔,穿孔率为34.12%,与文献报道一致[13]。急性阑尾炎患儿的性别、年龄、脉率、术前TBIL水平、PDW和MPV在两组间无统计学差异,表明这些指标在本研究中对阑尾炎是否发生坏疽穿孔无显著影响。对发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、术前是否使用抗生素治疗、营养状况、恶心/呕吐、阑尾粪石、盆腹腔积液情况、血WBC、CRP、NLR及D-D进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示发病至就诊时间、入院前最高体温、阑尾粪石、WBC及CRP具有统计学意义,与Harunori [14]等的研究结果一致,表明这5项指标可作为婴幼儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的独立危险因素。Feng [15]等人的研究表明,对于5岁以内AA的患儿,如发病时间越长,复杂性阑尾炎的发生率越高。Wang [16]在一项140例5岁以内AA患儿的回顾性分析中发现,发病时间 ≥ 23.5 h和CRP > 41 mg/L为穿孔性阑尾炎的独立危险因素。目前针对婴幼儿穿孔性阑尾炎的临床预测研究较少,将年龄扩大搜索,Miyauchi [17]等对319例15岁以内AA患儿行回顾性分析发现,发病时间和CRP水平作为预测穿孔性阑尾炎的独立危险因素,有助于评估AA的严重程度。仍有许多文献报道发病时间≥ 48 h和CRP ≥ 50 mg/L为复杂性阑尾炎的或穿孔性阑尾炎的危险因素[18]-[20]。本次研究中,发病至就诊时间、WBC、CRP的截断值分别为24 h,19.12 × 109/L和30.11 mg/L,表明AA患儿发病时间超过24 h、WBC和CRP水平分别超过19.12 × 109/L和30.11 mg/L,穿孔的发生概率增加。

体温是衡量机体对炎症反应的客观指标,一般认为,体温升高可能意味着机体内的炎症反应更为强烈。研究表明在急性坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎患儿中入院时体温与未穿孔阑尾炎患儿存在统计学差异[21]。Obinwa等人的一项回顾性单中心研究也表明,“术前温度 ≥ 37.5℃”对小儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的鉴别性最强[22]。本研究表明,当患儿体温高于38.5℃时,阑尾穿孔风险上升,因此体温 ≥ 38.5℃可作为急性阑尾炎患儿阑尾穿孔的独立危险因素。阑尾管腔堵塞被认为是阑尾炎的主要诱因,其中粪石是最常见的堵塞原因。小儿阑尾管腔狭窄且易扭曲,粪石、蛔虫、果核等不易消化物质进入后难以排出,导致管腔和分泌液滞留。随着发病时间的延长,腔内压力升高,引起阑尾管壁血运障碍,从而导致组织缺血、坏死甚至穿孔[23]。在本研究中,粪石在穿孔组和非穿孔组间差异显著(P < 0.05),两组术前影像学检查粪石阳性率分别为68.97%和42.68%。多因素分析表明,粪石是阑尾炎穿孔的独立危险因素,与既往的研究一致[17] [24]。然而另有研究指出,粪石是非手术治疗阑尾炎失败的重要危险因素[25]

5. 结论

综上所述,本研究通过纳入发病至就诊时间超过24 h、入院前最高体温 ≥ 38.5℃、阑尾粪石、WBC > 19.12 × 109/L ,CRP > 30.11 mg/L构建婴幼儿急性阑尾炎穿孔的二元Logistic回归预测模型,具有良好的预测效能。如AA患儿出现上述情况时,儿外科医师应警惕病情进展为坏疽穿孔的可能性,需进一步诊治以避免延误诊治。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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