口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤停药后复发的研究进展
Research Progress on Oral Propranolol Therapy in the Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma Recurrence after Discontinuation
摘要: 婴幼儿血管瘤(IH)是儿童最常见的血管肿瘤,口服普萘洛尔作为一线疗法虽有效率高,但停药后复发问题突出,严重影响治疗效果。本文综述口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤停药后复发的相关研究,阐述普萘洛尔治疗IH的机制,分析复发影响因素,包括停药后的残余病变、血管瘤分布、类型、治疗起始年龄、停药年龄和方式,而性别和溃疡的影响尚存争议。基于现有证据,建议临床通过高危因素识别、个体化停药方案及长期随访降低复发风险。未来需深入探索复发机制并开发精准预测模型,以优化临床决策。
Abstract: Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor in children. Although oral propranolol is an effective first-line therapy, recurrence after discontinuation remains a significant issue, severely impacting treatment outcomes. This paper reviews studies on the recurrence of infantile hemangiomas following the discontinuation of oral propranolol, discusses the mechanisms underlying propranolol’s treatment of IH, and analyzes factors contributing to recurrence. These include residual lesions after treatment cessation, hemangioma distribution and type, age at treatment initiation, as well as the age and method of discontinuation. The roles of gender and ulceration in recurrence remain controversial. Based on the existing evidence, it is recommended that clinical practice incorporate risk factor identification, individualized discontinuation plans, and long-term follow-up to reduce the risk of recurrence. Future research should focus on further exploring the mechanisms of recurrence and developing precise predictive models to optimize clinical decision-making.
文章引用:余俊松, 何昀. 口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤停药后复发的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(4): 1946-1951. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1541141

1. 引言

婴幼儿血管瘤(Infantile hemangiomas, IH)是儿童最常见的血管肿瘤,发病率高达4%~10% [1],其发病率在早产儿及低体重儿的更高[2],男女发病率之比约为1:(3~5),主要好发于头面颈部、躯干和四肢[3]。血管瘤通常在出生后数周内出现,其典型的临床表现是具有独特的生长周期,即增殖期、消退期、消退完成期[4]。虽然大多数血管瘤可自行消退,但部分病例可能并发溃疡、出血、感染、疼痛和功能障碍等并发症[1],需要积极治疗。目前口服普萘洛尔疗法是目前公认的治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的一线疗法[2],有效率超过90%,同时保持良好的安全性[5]-[7]。然而,13.5%~18%患者在停药后出现复发现象[8] [9],这说明普萘洛尔的作用并不是不可逆的。停药后复发是口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤面临的重要问题,普萘洛尔治疗后IH复发的机制尚未完全阐明。复发不仅导致二次治疗负担,还可能引发患者家庭心理压力。本文聚焦普萘洛尔停药后复发的危险因素,结合最新研究提出防治策略,旨在为临床实践提供循证依据。

2. 普萘洛尔治疗IH的机制与停药后复发特征

2.1. 普萘洛尔的作用机制

普萘洛尔抑制血管瘤增殖的机制尚不完全明确,但已有研究提出其可能通过以下几种途径协同作用:(1) 抑制β-肾上腺素受体:阻断β-AR信号通路,降低cAMP/PKA活性,抑制血管舒张及NO生成[10];(2) 血管生成调控:通过Rac/MAPK、HIF-1α及DLL4/Notch通路抑制VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)表达[11]-[13],抑制血管瘤形成与发展;(3) 促凋亡效应:降低STAT3和Bcl-2表达[13]、上调caspase家族蛋白[14]以及促进p53表达,调节BAX等蛋白[15]协同作用,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡;(4) 微环境重塑:抑制血管生成[11]和减少血管扩张[10]改善血管瘤的氧合状态,抑制残余内皮细胞增殖。上述机制提示普萘洛尔对IH的抑制具有可逆性,停药后微环境失衡可能触发复发。

2.2. 停药后复发的临床表现和诊断标准

复发通常发生在停药后3~6个月内,表现为瘤体原发部位再次出现浅红色斑疹、血丝等颜色改变,以及瘤体表面积、体积或质地增加。或者经彩色多普勒超声检查,原发肿瘤部位明显增大或肿瘤内再次出现丰富的血流信号[8] [9] [16]

3. 停药后复发的危险因素

尽管普萘洛尔在治疗婴幼儿血管瘤方面具有显著疗效,但复发现象在停药后仍然存在,接下来将会对停药后复发的危险因素进行详细分析。

3.1. 患者相关因素

治疗起始年龄:根据我国制定的指南[4],口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤适用于年龄大于2周龄的婴儿或矫正年龄大于等于2周龄的早产儿,且通常认为越早治疗,效果越好。Giachetti等[17]对138例IH患者的回顾性分析发现,≤3月龄开始治疗者,可以显著提高美观和功能改善率。Yenamandra等[18]进一步证实,≤5月龄治疗组复发率较>5月龄组显著降低(95.0% ± 7.9% vs 87.0% ± 17.5%, p = 0.05),这可能与早期干预有效阻断增殖期血管内皮细胞活化有关。

早期治疗(≤5月龄)不仅治疗效果良好,并且可显著降低复发风险,建议确诊后尽早启动普萘洛尔治疗。

3.2. 病变特征因素

残余病变:Chang等人[19]通过一项回顾性研究,根据颜色多普勒超声终止时的超声检查结果,将患者分为完全消退组和部分消退组,结果发现完全消退组较部分消退组,患者接受治疗的持续时间短,并且该组的复发率较低。这可能说明由于血管瘤未完全消退,残留的病灶可能成为复发的源头,结合Chang等人之前的研究[20]此时仍存在大量增殖的IH细胞,其包括内皮细胞、造血干细胞和周细胞等。通过对不同浓度的普萘洛尔对造血干细胞的影响进行研究,发现普萘洛尔能够抑制造血干细胞的增殖,且随着浓度的增加,抑制作用愈加明显。当去除普萘洛尔后,细胞增殖反而增加[21],这解释了停药后残余病灶再激活的现象。

解剖分布:血管瘤最常见于头面颈部,亦表现出较高的复发率。一项回顾性队列研究发现其研究的18例复发病例中,94%的患者血管瘤位于头颈部,特别是上眼睑、眼眶及腮腺区域,这些部位的复发更为显著[22]。Frongia等[9]研究发现面部血管瘤显著高于四肢(25% vs 8.8%)。此外,在关于高复发率解剖部位的文献中,Shah [23]等人在单变量分析中观察到位于头、颈部的血管瘤与复发显著相关,这表明这些头面颈部血管瘤的生长模式及解剖结构的特殊性,治疗过程中常难以完全消除病变,从而导致较高的复发率,而四肢的血液供应较为单一,且血管瘤生长空间较小,较早进入消退期,因此其复发风险相对较低。

分类分型:节段性血管瘤相比非节段性血管瘤也具有更高的复发风险。有研究表明,节段性血管瘤的复发风险比非节段性血管瘤增加了9倍[28]。其原因可能在于节段型血管瘤增殖期更长[24],并且存在潜在的异常血管化的存在导致局部缺氧,产生刺激新血管生成的缺血环境[25],停药时还未进入血管瘤的消退期。深部型血管瘤亦是复发的主要危险因素之一。一项来自法国的多中心回顾性研究显示,与混合型或浅表型血管瘤相比,深部型血管瘤在早期复发的可能性是前者的8倍,该研究认为其原因可能是由于深部型血管瘤具有较长的增殖期,因此需要较长的疗程,且深部残余病灶可能引起复发。所以一些研究建议专科医师可结合血管瘤超声来确定血管瘤分期,从而确定是否停止治疗[16] [19]

残余病变是复发的重要因素,临床应以“影像学完全缓解”作为停药标准,避免主观判断导致的过早停药;而头面颈部血管瘤、深部型血管瘤和节段性血管瘤具有高复发风险,治疗需结合彩超等影像学证据延长疗程,并在停药后加强监测。

3.3. 治疗相关因素

停药年龄:根据我国指南推荐[4],在满足血管瘤完全消退,或患者年龄超过1岁且血管瘤进入消退期这一停药条件,可考虑逐渐停药,即在决定停药后的前两周,将服药次数减半,接下来两周,将剂量减半,到第5周时停止用药,此时大多数患者的年龄在12至14个月龄范围内。在临床上,我们通常将在<12个月前停止治疗看作是血管瘤复发的危险因素[26],其原因在于停药时病灶仍处于增殖期,停药后病灶仍然具有增殖活力,最终引起复发现象,这更能说明停药年龄是血管瘤独特生长周期的代表。

停药策略:临床中我们无法正确估计血管瘤是否进入消退期,所以我们往往会对不能完全消退的血管瘤进行维持治疗,直至达到最大消退程度且保持一段时间后停药。Wang等[27]的前瞻性研究表明:在病灶达到最大消退程度后维持治疗3个月有助于降低复发的风险,特别是对重度复发的控制更为有效。与维持治疗1个月或立即停药相比,维持治疗3个月可有效降低复发率,未增加不良反应发生率。有趣的是,该研究发现逐渐减量停药与直接停药,二者在复发率和不良反应发生率方面没有显著差异。因此,逐渐减量可能并非减少复发的决定性因素。

满足血管瘤完全消退,或患者年龄超过1岁且病灶达到最大消退程度后维持治疗3个月可考虑停药;而减量方式并不影响复发率,可在考虑患者停药安全的情况下简化停药流程。

3.4. 争议因素

性别差异:近年来有研究发现性别可能是复发的潜在危险因素,Mariani等[22]的回顾性研究显示认为女孩更易复发,虽然这在一定程度上会与女孩发病率更高的事实相混淆,样本量差异可能导致部分研究出现统计学偏倚。当然多数研究仍否认性别会增加血管瘤复发的风险[9] [28] [29],其中一项研究的单变量分析结果显示女孩的复发风险增加,但多变量分析发现性别并非独立危险因素。体外实验表明,雌激素代谢在血管瘤增殖中起作用[30]-[32],这在一定程度上解释了女孩发病率高这一客观事实,然而雌激素代谢是否在复发中起到作用,目前尚不清楚。未来需通过大样本前瞻性队列研究,采用Cox回归模型校正发病率差异后评估性别对复发的独立影响。

溃疡影响:Zaaroura等[33]研究发现,与非复发性血管瘤相比,复发性血管瘤病例的溃疡率较低,尽管这种差异没有统计学意义。但研究者们认为溃疡性血管瘤往往由于快速增殖期而形成溃疡,这种加速的生长可能使溃疡性血管瘤更快地达到稳定状态,从而较早进入消退期,这可能解释了在该组中观察到的较低复发率。由此在后续的研究中可以收集溃疡与非溃疡病灶的时序性组织样本,比较其内皮细胞衰老标志物的表达差异,并追踪溃疡愈合后血管瘤微环境的变化与停药后复发时间的相关性。

口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤停药后复发问题需引起临床高度重视。早期干预可显著降低复发风险,建议确诊后尽早启动治疗,并以彩超显示病灶区无残余或可忽略不计的血管活性[16]作为核心停药标准,避免因主观判断导致过早停药。对于年龄 > 1岁且达最大消退程度者,建议维持治疗3个月再停药,而逐步减量策略对复发率无显著影响,临床可根据安全性简化停药流程。头面颈部、深部型及节段性血管瘤因解剖复杂性及生物学特性具有高复发风险,需在停药后强化监测。未来研究需聚焦三个关键方向:其一,通过大样本前瞻性队列研究验证争议性因素(如性别差异及合并溃疡)对复发的独立影响;其二,明确普萘洛尔停药后血管内皮细胞再增殖的分子机制及残余病灶微环境特征;其三,可基于临床特征(解剖部位、分类、分型)、治疗参数(总疗程、维持治疗时长)与影像学标志(彩超血管活性),通过单因素及多因素分析筛选独立预测因子并构建复发风险分层模型,并利用大样本、多中心、前瞻性队列进行外部验证,联合时间依赖性ROC曲线验证模型的临床效用。以此为个体化治疗提供依据,使IH患儿获得最大临床获益。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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