术前肺部康复对慢性阻塞性肺病癌症切除术后预后的影响:一项Meta分析
Effects of Preoperative Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients with COPD Undergoing Lung Cancer Resection: A Meta-Analysis
摘要: 【目的】本Meta分析旨在探索术前肺康复对肺癌合并慢性阻塞性肺病患者手术结果的影响。【方法】检索PubMed、Embase和Cochrane图书馆的文章,按照纳排标准收集相关文献。以肺癌合并或不合并慢性阻塞性肺病、接受或不接受肺切除术前肺康复为标准,汇总文献信息。以肺功能、术后住院时长、术后肺部并发症为基础,使用荟萃分析对关键结果进行分析。【结果】共纳入8项研究,涉及821名研究对象(对照组428人,干预组393人)。接受术前肺康复的患者术后肺部并发症的发生率显著低于对照组,降低41%。两组肺功能和住院时间无显著差异。【结论】术前肺康复可降低肺癌合并慢性阻塞性肺病患者的肺切除术后的肺部并发症,但并不能提高患者的肺功能、缩短患者的住院天数。
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the effect of preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on surgical outcomes in patients with lung cancer combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Articles from PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched, and relevant literature was collected according to nerfing criteria. Information from the literature was summarized using the criteria of lung cancer combined with or without COPD, and acceptance or non-acceptance of pulmonary rehabilitation prior to pneumonectomy. Key outcomes were analyzed using meta-analysis based on lung function, length of postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative pulmonary complications. Results: A total of eight studies involving 821 study participants (428 in the control group and 393 in the intervention group) were included. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was significantly lower in patients who received preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation than in the control group, with a 41% reduction. There was no significant difference in lung function and length of hospitalization between the two groups. Conclusion: Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation can reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after pneumonectomy in patients with lung cancer combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but it does not improve lung function or shorten hospitalization days.
文章引用:曹诗雨, 金玥, 刘伯栋, 卢甜甜, 张奕珂. 术前肺部康复对慢性阻塞性肺病癌症切除术后预后的影响:一项Meta分析[J]. 外科, 2025, 14(2): 9-19. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjs.2025.142002

1. 引言

手术切除是目前治疗肺癌的重要方法[1]。解剖性肺切除术可以延长肺癌患者的生存期[2]。鉴于未切除的肺癌患者往往预后不佳,对于每一个解剖可切除肺癌的患者,都应考虑手术切除[3]。接受解剖性肺切除术前,患者需进行生理评估。在评估手术适用性时,主要使用的肺功能测试参数,包括一秒用力呼气容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1)和一氧化碳弥散量[4]。目前,人口统计学显示可切除肺癌患者的总体年龄正在变老,这使得患者可能患有潜在的心肺疾病,例如慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) [5]。COPD对肺癌肺切除术患者的预后有不良影响[6]。COPD患者的肺组织损失可能会严重损害术后通气功能或弥散能力,使其易患呼吸困难、心肺并发症和死亡[7]。研究表明,COPD增加了肺癌患者术后并发症的风险,合并COPD的肺癌患者在术后患支气管胸膜瘘、肺炎、长期漏气和长期机械通气的风险更高[6] [8]。这些情况增加COPD合并肺癌患者被判断为“无法手术”的可能性。因此,有必要采取措施改善肺功能临界或较差的患者的心肺功能,并在提供肺切除术之前对其进行重新评估,以期得到更真实的手术适用性评估。

术前肺康复(preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation, PPR)治疗是一种改善严重COPD运动能力的干预措施,已被提出作为辅助术前治疗,以降低术后肺部并发症的风险[9]。一项由美国国家癌症研究所资助的随机单盲探索性研究(PPR与常规治疗)的结果证明PPR干预措施可降低中、重度COPD患者治疗性癌症切除的术后发病率[8]

肺癌手术术后易发生肺部相关并发症,在肺癌患者术前进行肺康复能得到良好的术后结局[10]。一篇Meta分析的结果表明术前运动训练可降低肺癌患者的术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications, PPCs) [11]。但对于COPD患者肺癌手术术后情况却未进行研究。因此,我们设计并开展了这项Meta分析,目的是确定PPR是否有助于改善肺癌合并COPD患者的术后结局。研究了肺功能、术后住院时长和PPCs等参数,以探索PPR与术后结局的潜在联系。

2. 方法

2.1. 检索策略

为了尽可能地确保文件检索结果准确,我们采用了较为宽泛的检索方式检索了Pubmed、Embase和Cochrane图书馆数据库。检索式如下:((pulmonary rehabilitation) OR (rehabilitation therapy) OR (exercise therapy) OR (rehabilitation training) OR (rehabilitation program) OR (exercise training) OR (exercise program) OR (resistance training) OR (physical training)) AND ((lung cancer) OR (lung carcinoma) OR (lung tumor) OR (lung neoplasm) OR (lung malignancy)) AND ((chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) OR COPD)。检索截止日期为2024年12月7日。另外,本研究还对纸质版的文献进行手工检索,对相关综述、纳入文献的参考文献进行筛选,希望可以获得更多可用于Meta分析的研究。

2.2. 文献筛选

本研究的文献纳入标准为:

1) 研究对象全部为COPD,并合并肺癌;

2) 研究对象肺癌治疗的方式为肺癌手术切除术;

3) 干预措施仅为PPR;

4) 研究人群进行了分组,一组采用肺康复,一组为传统护理;

5) 能够提供术后相应结局指标如肺功能,肺部并发症,住院时间等。

文献的排除标准:

1) 研究人群包含部分非COPD患者;

2) 肺癌治疗方式为放疗、化疗等;

3) 术后结局指标为COPD合并肺癌患者干预前后的自身对照;

4) 摘要;

5) 综述、信件、评论等非论著性质的文献;

6) 重复发表或同一数据用于多篇文章,仅纳入研究信息最全的一篇,其余均排除。

2.3. 数据提取和质量评价

两名调查员按照上述纳入排除标准独立地完成文献筛选工作。确定纳入分析的文献后,独立按照事先设计好的标准化表格进行数据提取工作。需要提取的信息包括:作者、发表年份、研究时间、研究地点、研究设计、干预周期、肺功能FEV1%、肺部并发症、住院时间以及肺康复项目内容等。待两人均完成上述数据提取工作后,互相交换审核提取表,如有不一致的地方,讨论解决。

队列研究使用纽卡斯尔–渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa Scale)进行文献质量评价,总分为9分,得分不低于7分为高质量研究,反之则为低质量研究;随机对照研究采用文献的方法学质量参照Cochrane系统评价员手册推荐(Cochrane Collaboration Recommendations)的偏倚风险的评价工具进行评价。

2.4. 统计分析

使用加权均数差(Weighted Mean Difference, WMD)或者标准化均数差(Standard Mean Difference, SMD)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)对连续变量进行合并;采用RR值(Relative risk)及95% CI对分类变量进行效应值合并。利用Cochran’s Q test和I2检验进行异质性检验,如果有Q统计量P < 0.05,和/或I2 > 50%,则说明研究间存在异质性,采用随机效应模型进行效应量合并;若P ≥ 0.05且I2 ≤ 50%,则异质性不明显,采用固定效应模型进行效应量合并。利用Egger检验评估发表偏倚。采用逐一剔除单个研究之后合并余下研究,进行敏感性分析,以检测研究结果的稳健性。以上统计分析利用R 4.2.1软件完成。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索

经过初步检索并去重后,我们从pubmed、Embase和Cochrane Library共计得到1447条记录;通过标题浏览删选明显与主题不相关文献1307,得到140篇文献进行摘要浏览;根据纳入排除标准得到18篇文献进行全文浏览;最后筛除2篇摘要、3篇protocol、2篇不能提供数据的文献后,共得到11篇文献纳入本次Meta分析研究(图1)。

Figure 1. Flow chart of literature screening in this study

1. 本研究的文献筛选流程图

3.2. 研究特点&质量评价结果

本研究纳入11篇文献:6篇随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT),3篇前瞻性研究(prospective study),2篇回顾性研究(retrospective study);研究设计都为队列研究;共计821名研究对象(对照组428人,干预组393人),干预周期1~4 weeks。其中,7篇文献提供了肺功能(FEV1%)指标,7篇文献提供了PPCs指标,7篇文章提供了住院天数指标。

质量评价结果显示纳入的文献质量整体比较高,在前瞻性研究和回顾性研究中,得分均大于7分,在RCT研究中,仅在Allocation concealment (selection bias)等中部分文献并没有提到(Unclear risk of bias),而在其它的维度均是低风险。见图2

Figure 2. Risk assessment of bias in included literature. (A) Bar chart of bias risk. (B) Summary chart of bias risk

2. 纳入文献的偏倚风险评估。(A) 偏倚风险条形图。(B) 偏倚风险总结图

3.3. Meta分析结果

3.3.1. 肺功能

7篇文献报道了肺功能。术后,以FEV1%为指标的肺功能在PPR组与对照组之间存在差异,森林图显示合并的SMD及95% CI为:0.4853 (0.0651~0.9056) (P = 0.0236)。说明,研究之间存在显著的异质性(I2 = 79.3%, P < 0.001)。见图3(A)

Figure 3. Forest map. (A) Pulmonary function. (B) Hospitalization duration. (C) Postoperative pulmonary complications PPCs

3. 森林图。(A)肺功能。(B)住院时间。(C)术后肺部并发症PPCs

Figure 4. Sensitivity analysis

4. 敏感性分析结果

Table 1. Results of publication bias

1. 发表偏倚结果

变量

t

P

肺功能

2.82

0.0370

住院时间–总

0.01

0.9982

住院时间–术后

0.10

0.9241

术后肺部并发症PPCs

3.13

0.0259

Figure 5. Forest plot corrected by random trim-and-fill procedure. (A) Standardized mean difference (SMD). (B) Relative risk (RR)

5. 随机效应模型剪补法校正后的森林图。(A) 标准化均数差(SMD)。(B) 相对风险率(RR)

3.3.2. 住院时间

5篇文献报道了总住院时间。PPR组与对照组在住院时间方面没有差异,两组总的住院时间差异合并值为0.5830 (−4.4989~5.6649) (P = 0.806),研究间存在显著的异质性(I2 = 87.7%, P < 0.001)。5篇文献报道了术后住院时间。PPR组在术后住院时间方面也并没有优于对照组,差异合并值为−1.5477 (−4.9930~1.8977) (P = 0.173),说明研究间存在显著的异质性(I2 = 77.7%, P = 0.001)。见图3(B)

3.3.3. 术后肺部并发症PPCs

7篇文献报道了术后肺部并发症。PPR组的术后肺部并发症PPCs发生率显著低于对照组,PPR组的PPCs风险较对照组降低41%,森林图合并结果为0.5937 (0.4517~0.7802) (P = 0.002),研究间不存在异质性(I2 = 23.5%, P = 0.2496)。见图3(C)

3.4. 敏感性分析、发表偏倚

敏感性分析结果显示本Meta的分析结果稳健,基本上没有异常变化(图4)。

Egger检验结果显示肺功能和术后肺部并发症PPCs存在发表偏倚(见表1),通过剪补法发现没有文件增减,结果没有变化,说明发表偏倚对结果没有影响(见图5)。

3.5. 亚组分析

通过对肺功能和术后肺部并发症PPCs的研究设计类型和地域分别进行亚组分析,结果发现在肺功能上,研究设计类型是Retrospective study,研究地点是亚洲的有统计学差异;在术后肺部并发症PPCs上,研究设计类型是Prospective study,研究地点是亚洲的有统计学差异。见表2

Table 2. Results of subgroup analysis

2. 亚组分析

变量

分组

亚组

SMD/RR (95% CI)

I2

模型

肺功能

design

Retrospective study

2

1.0071 (0.7184~1.2958)

13.20%

F

Prospective study

2

−0.0831 (−0.8757~0.7095)

75.10%

R

RCT

3

0.4707 (−0.0334~0.9749)

67.30%

R

location

Asian

5

0.7222 ( 0.3666~1.0778)

68.20%

R

Europe

2

−0.1871 (−0.8223~0.4481)

52.10%

R

PPCS

design

Prospective study

3

0.6413 (0.4701~0.8747)

69.70%

R

Retrospective study

2

0.5394 (0.2853~1.0198)

0.00%

F

RCT

2

0.4686 (0.1894~1.1594)

0.00%

F

location

Europe

3

0.4285 (0.1733~1.0593)

64.10%

R

Asian

4

0.6320 (0.4413~0.9053)

0.00%

F

R:随机效应模型;F:固定效应模型。

4. 讨论

肺癌常常与吸烟史有关,因此肺癌患者同时患慢性肺病、心脏病和脑血管疾病的概率较大[11]-[19]。手术仍然是早期肺癌患者的最佳选择,也是晚期肺癌患者多途径疗法的重要组成部分[20]。这些危险因素可能会增加肺部手术后的PPC [21]。由此引起的身体不适、肌肉无力、疲劳、恶病质和焦虑等症状,会使肺癌患者术后生活质量受损。肺康复通常应用于COPD,它与较低的死亡风险显著相关[22]。几项研究支持了康复对肌肉力量、运动耐力、幸福感和健康状况的积极影响,特别是对不适症状的缓解作用[23]。对于即将接受肺部手术的患者,肺部康复计划可以在手术前、手术后或手术前后同时适用。术前肺部康复可以提高个体在手术切除前的运动耐受性和整体医疗稳定性[24]

至今,多项研究支持PPR在减少术后并发症和死亡率方面的积极作用,但其中大多数研究都是基于单一中心和有限数量的患者,因此无法避免选择偏差。最新的系统性分析于2019年发表,主要分析了术前运动对COPD合并肺癌患者术后结局的影响[11]。因此,我们进行了这项Meta分析,以更新记录并探讨肺康复在减少COPD合并肺癌患者术后并发症和死亡率方面的临床价值。经过筛选后,8项研究共招募了568名研究对象。其中,根据提供FEV1%指标,PPCs指标和住院天数指标的文献,我们分别进行了分析。我们的结果表明,PPR可以减少患者术后肺部并发症的发生。先前的研究表明,肺功能是肺切除术的一个很好的预测指标,例如FEV1%。已有的研究对肺康复已在改善心肺功能等方面的结果存在矛盾。Lai等人提出,PPR可以改善FEV1和6分钟步行测试[25]。但是,在我们的分析中,没有发现术前肺部康复对术后肺康复有积极结果。这可能是因为,COPD患者的肺功能本身就受损,一个短期的肺部康复训练,很难在本质上显著改善患者肺功能状况,故对术后肺功能的恢复没有显著影响。这个结果跟以前的Meta研究结果一致[11]。而且,我们的结果发现PPR对术后住院时间没有明显影响。这可能是因为COPD患者肺癌手术住院时间方面、住院时间受诸多因素影响。我们发现,PPR对PPCs的低发生率有益。因此,短期的肺康复虽不能改善肺功能,但是增强了对肺部并发症的抵抗力和肺癌手术损伤的耐受能力,进而降低术后并发症的发生。

临床上,肺癌患者合并COPD常见,所以本研究具有一定的临床意义。关于不拘形式的PPR对术后并发症影响这个主题的Meta分析没有实施过。但是本研究也有一定的局限性。首先,因为临床研究不多,本文纳入的文献较少。其次,每篇纳入研究的原始文献报告的结局指标不尽相同。再次,每个研究的PPR措施大体相同,但具体措施不尽一致。

5. 结论

总之,对合并COPD的肺癌手术患者,进行术前PPR干预,可显著降低术后PPCs的发生率,但并不能提高患者的肺功能、缩短患者的住院天数基金项目

大学生创新训练(SRT)计划基金。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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