炎症相关指标与心房颤动相关性的研究进展
Research Progress in the Correlation between Inflammation-Related Indicators and Atrial Fibrillation
摘要: 心房颤动(Atrial Fibrillation, AF)是最常见的心律失常之一,表现为心房正常的电活动被快速无序的颤动波取代,具有较高的复发率、致残率及死亡率。近年来,房颤在心血管疾病中占据着重要地位,可导致诸多严重不良后果。随着对房颤机制的深入研究,发现炎症与房颤密切相关。因此本文就相关炎症指标如红细胞分布宽度(Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, RDW)、C反应蛋白(C-Reactive Protein, CRP)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio, PLR)等炎症指标与心房颤动相关性的研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation, AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias, and the normal electrical activity of the atrium is replaced by a rapid and disordered fibrillation wave, which has a high rate of recurrence, disability, and mortality. In recent years, AF occupies an important role in cardiovascular diseases and can lead to many serious adverse consequences. With the intensive study of the mechanism of AF, it was found that inflammation is closely related to AF. Therefore, in this paper, the relevant inflammatory indicators, such as red blood cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and atrial fibrillation were reviewed.
文章引用:兰欣梅. 炎症相关指标与心房颤动相关性的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(4): 2463-2469. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1541201

1. 引言

近年来,心血管疾病的发病率急剧上升,并逐渐成为临床死亡的主要原因,心房颤动(AF)更是在其中占据重要地位。AF作为临床上的快速心律失常,可显著增加机体出现卒中、心力衰竭甚至死亡等严重后果的发生率。随着人口老龄化加剧、人群普遍的不良生活嗜好增加,AF的发病率也在逐年升高,并严重影响了人群的生活质量。据统计,截至2019年,全球有5970万人确诊AF,其所致的全因死亡率在1.5~2倍间;经流行病学调查,2020~2021年间我国AF患病率可达1.6%,以上数据较前均有大幅增长[1]。因此,加强对AF的诊疗,降低其发病与死亡的风险至关重要。

AF的发生、复发风险增加与年龄、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗等多种危险因素相关。同时诸多研究发现炎症在AF的发生发展过程中起着重要作用,而AF也可因其自身病变引起炎症反应加剧,在AF中形成恶性循环[2]。研究表明,炎症能够介导细胞凋亡、氧化应激等多种机制,参与心脏结构重构及电重构,进而影响AF的发生发展及预后情况[3]。因此炎症相关指标与AF的相关性逐渐成为研究重点,一些较易获得的血液炎症指标如红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)被发现其与AF的发生及预后有密切的关系。

2. 炎症与心房颤动

炎症是机体维持平衡的重要过程,但病理状态下,过量的炎性因子或细胞浸润心肌,诱导心房重构造成机体损伤从而参与AF,且AF本身也会诱发慢性炎症,在机体内形成恶性循环。近年来炎症在AF中的作用机制同样是研究焦点。大量研究显示,钙离子在心肌收缩舒张中起着重要作用,而炎症可对钙离子通道产生作用,促使细胞内钙超载,降低心肌动作电位及有效不应期的时程,延缓传导速度,促使折返形成,从而影响心房的电活动诱发AF [4]。此外炎性细胞还可浸润心肌组织引起基质蛋白合成、降解失衡,促使其异常积聚,引起间质纤维化;以及肌纤维母细胞的激活,二者均可促进心肌纤维化发生,造成心房结构重构,并影响心肌的电传导,参与AF的发生或维持[5]

3. 相关炎症指标与心房颤动

3.1. C反应蛋白

C反应蛋白(CRP)是有肝脏合成的反应炎症的标志物之一,可在机体感染或受损后的急性炎症期迅速升高,属于机体的非特异性免疫[6]。CRP自发现以来便广受关注,并逐渐发现其与感染、心血管疾病、自身免疫性疾病甚至肿瘤等疾病都密切相关。早在2001年通过病例对照研究发现,房颤组的CRP水平高于对照组,且CRP在持续性房颤组升高最大,推测CRP升高反映的炎症状态参与了AF的维持。Li等[7]学者通过12年的观察性研究表明,CRP水平升高与AF的发生呈正相关。有研究认为,高水平CRP同样可作为术后AF复发率增加的危险因素。国内外有学者通行射频消融术患者术后随访发现,CRP水平升高与消融后AF复发显著正相关[8]-[10]。同时有研究认为炎症反应是AF患者血栓形成的重要危险因素[11]。结合既往的研究,CRP与AF的关系逐渐得到证实,CRP水平的升高可作为预测AF的发生发展的因素[12]-[14]

3.2. 红细胞分布宽度

红细胞分布宽度(RDW)反映了细胞体积和大小的异质性,其增高代表红细胞的变异性也随之增大,是临床上较易获得的新型炎症指标,研究发现,机体出现炎症后释放的炎性因子,可抑制体内红细胞成熟,促使大量幼稚红细胞入血,使红细胞大小差异性增大[15]。近年来,在心血管疾病、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病等疾病中,RDW具有重要的临床价值,而RDW与AF的关联可能反映了心房重构时存在潜在炎症[16]。Kurt等[17]测量了320例AF患者RDW结果,并根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分分为高、低两组,其中高评分组的RDW值显著增高。Li等[18]通过研究106,998例受试者RDW与AF的关系,发现在国内普通人群中,RDW升高与AF高患病率显著相关。Jurin等[19]学者对579例AF患者随访研究,其结果提示RDW增加、左心房直径增加与AF病情进展有显著的独立相关性。部分学者通过研究发现,RDW可作为非瓣膜性AF患者形成左心耳血栓的高危因素[20]。RDW与AF的紧密联系逐渐被证实,其可作为AF的独立危险因素,为临床筛查高危人群提供辅助。

3.3. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与血小板/淋巴细胞比值

中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)最初被认为是肿瘤的预后标志,后续深入研究发现,NLR与PLR与心血管疾病密切相关,可预测疾病的预后及严重程度。

NLR结合了中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞两种不同的炎症因子,其中,中性粒细胞是机体内非特异性炎症的指标,较重的炎症反应可促进中性粒细胞的激活及减少凋亡;而淋巴细胞参与机体内氧化应激过程,也衡量机体的生理应激状况,因此NLR较单一指标能更好的衡量全身炎症状况[21] [22]。研究发现,随着NLR水平升高,AF患者体内存在较重的中性粒细胞浸润,释放促炎因子、髓过氧化物酶等物质,促进心房重构及纤维化,加重AF [23]。研究表明,高NLR水平与AF发生及复发的风险增加相关,NLR可能是AF的独立预测因素[24]。Berkovitch等[25]对21,118名无AF的受试者长期跟踪随访发现,高NLR与新发AF的风险增加相关,且这一发现在年轻人中更明显。Shao [26]等学者的研究发现NLR可作为AF的危险因素之一,且NLR与超敏CRP具有明显关联。另一项研究通过对口服胺碘酮成功转复的AF患者跟踪随访,发现复发AF的患者NLR水平明显增加[27]。一项荟萃分析提示,卒中风险较高的AF患者的NLR水平显著高于低风险AF患者,且当NLR ≥ 3时AF卒中风险增加1.4倍[28]。而在国外一个小样本回顾性分析研究中发现NLR与AF并无明显相关性[29],综合考虑上述研究出现差异可能与样本量较小,研究方法与人群的选择不同等相关。

PLR是综合血小板与淋巴细胞的新型炎症指标,已有研究表明PLR与心血管疾病的严重程度和预后相关[30]。一方面,血小板可通过参与动脉斑块破裂或内皮细胞的侵蚀的血栓形成,促进不良心血管事件的发生,且血小板本身即可释放多种炎性因子[31];另一方面,淋巴细胞是表现生理应激的一个指标,与机体炎症程度呈负相关,其降低也代表着机体发生心血管风险增加[32]。既往研究表明,AF可导致机体处于慢性炎症状态,随着研究深入,学者逐渐发现,AF发生与血小板的一氧化氮反应受抑制存在密切联系,可能与AF发生时,交感神经冲动释放增加同时伴有氧化还原反应及一氧化氮清除相关[33]。随着对PLR深入研究发现,PLR与纤维蛋白原相关,可能通过影响血液黏度,加剧炎症反应,导致心房、心肌缺血,进而增加发生AF的风险[34]。Gungor等[35]通过对125名患者调查发现术前高PLR水平是冠脉旁路移植术后患者发生AF的独立预测因素。Altintas等[36]通过测量PLR进一步证明炎症可能是影响AF发生栓塞和梗死的一个重要因素。综上研究发现,NLR与PLR与AF存在密切联系,或可为临床提供新思路。

3.4. 其他炎症指标

近年来学者逐渐发现如全身免疫炎症指数(Systemic Immune Inflammation Index, SII)、系统炎症反应指数(Systemic Inflammation Response Index, SIRI)等新型炎症指标,并深入研究其在疾病中的作用与价值。Jin等学者[37]通过长期随访研究,发现SII与SIRI的升高增加患者全因死亡的风险,其中高水平SIRI与心肌梗死发病风险增加呈正相关。因此作为新型炎症指标,SII、SIRI与AF的相关性逐渐引起重视。

Hu等[38]首次提出SII的概念,该指数综合中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板三种指标,相较于单独一种指标,能更好的判断炎症的严重程度。随着研究深入,也在近年来被证实其与AF密切相关。有研究表明高SII水平可预测非AF患者的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者新发AF的风险[39]。Hinoue等[40]、Luo等[41]对行心脏手术患者调查发现,SII对于术后AF的发生具有一定的预测价值,在AF预测中起着重要作用。王越等[42]对1768例老年AF患者研究发现,SII可作为其死亡发生的独立预测因子,高SII组的死亡风险显著增加。SII对AF患者的不良事件同样具有一定预测作用。据研究发现,SII升高可增加缺血性脑卒中的风险,而通过将AF患者分为是否发生缺血性脑卒中为条件分为两组,比较两组间实验室与影像学指标及CHA2DS2-VASc评分发现,合并缺血性脑卒中的AF患者的SII水平明显高于对照组,经统计学回归分析提示SII是AF患者发生缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,可为早期筛查AF患者发生卒中的高危人群提供新方向[37] [43]

SIRI在2016年被首次提出,结合中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞三种指标,表现机体不同免疫途径的综合炎症指标,临床上多作为肿瘤预后的标志[44]。研究发现,SIRI在心血管疾病的预测中起着重要作用。Lin等[11]通过对526名缺血性脑卒中患者调查发现,AF患者的SIRI明显增高,是预测卒中患者AF发生的潜在标志物,同时与其短期内预后不良相关。有研究发现,SIRI与AF患者左心室收缩功能损害呈显著相关性[45]。综上,SIRI与AF之间存在一定相关性,但国内外相关研究较少,仍需大量研究证实。

单核细胞/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(Monocyte/HDL-C Ratio, MHR)是表现炎症与氧化应激的综合炎症指标,其中高密度脂蛋白可通过多种途径展现其抗氧化特性,如抑制氧化的低密度脂蛋白引起单核细胞的迁移等。MHR与心血管疾病风险的相关性也被逐步认识。研究发现,MHR的升高与动脉粥样硬化相关,是导致动脉粥样斑块形成、冠心病以及外周血管疾病的危险因素[46]。随着对MHR的深入研究,发现其对AF的发生发展具有预测价值。Tekkesin等[47]发现MHR与行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者术后房颤(POAF)发生具有显著相关性,发生POAF的患者的MHR水平显著高于未发生者。Adili等[48]证实MHR是射频迷宫术后复发AF的独立危险因素。

近年来,学者们逐渐开展大量研究,意在寻找新的炎症标志物更好地预测AF的发生、维持或预后。尽管一些研究已经发现高敏感的炎症标志物作为AF的独立预测因子,但由于不同研究中入选标准及样本量的不同,地域及民族等方面的差异,对于炎症指标预测AF的临界值在各研究中存在不同,仍需大量多中心大样本的研究去证实其价值,以更好地应用于临床中。

4. 小结

心血管疾病作为一种炎性疾病已逐渐达成共识,许多新型炎症指标逐渐被证实其在疾病中的作用。AF与炎症在疾病中互为因果,互相影响,并发现炎症不仅与AF的发生发展相关,同时在AF造成的不良后果中也起着重要作用。尽管越来越多的学者发现炎症与AF密切相关,但炎症指标仍旧受到多种因素的影响,如感染、肥胖甚至疾病,效用有限,部分炎症指标与AF的关系仍存在争议。因此将其用于临床常规判断,仍需要多中心、大样本随机对照试验证实其在疾病预测中的应用价值,以更好地降低AF的发病率,改善患者预后。

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