我国个人破产复权制度的困境与构建路径研究

Research on the Dilemma and Construction Path of Personal Bankruptcy Reinstatement System in China

摘要: 个人破产复权制度是化解个人债务危机、保障债务人重获经济自由的重要法律机制。本文以我国个人破产复权制度为研究对象，聚焦其理论逻辑与实践困境：一方面，基于破产无罪主义与免责主义的法理基础，该制度通过消除债务人行为限制、恢复其信用资格，实现人权保障与市场资源优化配置；另一方面，当前我国面临法律供给缺位(全国性立法空白、地方制度设计疏漏)的现实障碍。通过论证该制度对人权保障、市场经济发展的必要性，本文提出构建路径：在立法层面，应统一复权主体范围、明确“当然复权”与“许可复权”双轨方式、延长复权考察期以平衡债权债务利益；在实践层面，需加强信用体系衔接与社会宣传，推动制度本土化适配。研究旨在为我国个人破产复权制度的规范化、体系化建设提供理论支撑，助力实现从“债务监禁”到“经济重生”的法治目标。

Abstract: The personal bankruptcy reinstatement system is an important legal mechanism for resolving personal debt crises and ensuring that debtors regain economic freedom. This article examines China’s personal bankruptcy reinstatement system, focusing on its theoretical logic and practical dilemmas: on the one hand, based on the legal principles of bankruptcy non-guilt and exemption, this system eliminates restrictions on debtors’ behavior and restores their credit qualifications, thus achieving human rights protection and optimal allocation of market resources; on the other hand, China currently faces practical obstacles of inadequate legal supply (a nationwide legislative vacuum and omissions in local institutional design). By demonstrating the necessity of this system for human rights protection and market economic development, this article proposes a construction path: at the legislative level, the scope of reinstatement subjects should be unified, the dual track methods of “automatic reinstatement” and “permitted reinstatement” should be clarified, and the reinstatement assessment period should be extended to balance creditor and debtor interests; at the practical level, it is necessary to strengthen the connection of the credit system and enhance social promotion, pushing for localization and adaptation of the system. This research aims to provide theoretical support for the normalization and systematic construction of China’s personal bankruptcy reinstatement system, helping to achieve the legal goal of transitioning from “debt imprisonment” to “economic rebirth”.