叉头盒蛋白M1、Polo样激酶1在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床意义
Expression and Clinical Significance of FOXM1 and PLK1 in Endometrial Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1541244, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 崔 琳:青岛大学附属医院妇产科,山东 青岛;山东省日照市人民医院妇产科,山东 日照;韩 毅, 戴红英*:青岛大学附属医院妇产科,山东 青岛;袁立芹, 郭海龙, 秦文娜:山东省日照市人民医院妇产科,山东 日照
关键词: 子宫内膜癌FOXM1PLK1Endometrial Carcinoma FOXM1 PLK1
摘要: 目的:探讨叉头盒蛋白M1 (FOXM1)和Polo样激酶(PLK1)在子宫内膜癌中的表达,并分析两者表达的相关性及其临床意义。方法:以免疫组织化学染色的方法检测FOXM1和PLK1分别在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生和正常子宫内膜组织中的表达水平,然后分析两者在子宫内膜癌中表达水平的相关性,以及两者分别与临床病理参数之间的关系。结果:1) FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达水平明显高于正常子宫内膜组织和不典型增生内膜组织(P < 0.05)。2) FOXM1的高表达与子宫内膜癌的FIGO分期和淋巴结转移相关(P < 0.05),PLK1的高表达与子宫内膜癌的病理分级、FIGO分期和淋巴结转移相关(P < 0.05)。3) 子宫内膜癌组织中FOXM1和PLK1的表达呈正相关(r = 0.310, P = 0.030)。结论:FOXM1和PLK1可能在子宫内膜癌的进展过程中发挥重要作用,二者的相互作用具有成为子宫内膜癌诊断生物标志物的潜能。
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in endometrial carcinoma, analyze their correlation, and evaluate their clinical significance. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of FOXM1 and PLK1 in endometrial carcinoma tissues, atypical hyperplasia endometrial tissues, and normal endometrial tissues. The correlation between FOXM1 and PLK1 expression in endometrial carcinoma and their associations with clinicopathological parameters were further analyzed. Results: 1) The expression levels of FOXM1 and PLK1 were significantly elevated in endometrial carcinoma compared to atypical hyperplasia and normal endometrial tissues (P < 0.05). 2) High expression of FOXM1 was associated with FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma (P < 0.05), while high expression of PLK1 was correlated with pathological grade, FIGO stage, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). 3) A positive correlation was observed between FOXM1 and PLK1 expression in endometrial carcinoma tissues (r = 0.310, P = 0.030). Conclusion: FOXM1 and PLK1 may play critical roles in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. Targeting these molecules could serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for endometrial carcinoma.
文章引用:崔琳, 韩毅, 袁立芹, 戴红英, 郭海龙, 秦文娜. 叉头盒蛋白M1、Polo样激酶1在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床意义[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(4): 2814-2820. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1541244

1. 引言

子宫内膜癌在组织学及分子水平上具有异质性[1] [2],分子检测可能有益于早期发现子宫内膜癌或癌前病变。叉头盒蛋白M1 (Forkhead Box M1, FOXM1)是一种翼状螺旋转录因子,参与细胞周期的调节、细胞增殖和分化[3],其异常过表达与前列腺癌、乳腺癌、小细胞肺癌等多种癌症类型的发生发展以及不良预后有关[4]-[6]。Polo样激酶1(Polo like Kinase 1, PLK1)是一种保守进化的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶[7] [8]。本研究以免疫组织化学染色法分别检测FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生以及正常子宫内膜组织中的表达水平,并评估二者在蛋白水平上表达的相关性,进一步分析二者与子宫内膜癌患者临床病理因素之间的关系,为深入研究FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌发生发展中的作用提供重要的理论依据。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 标本及其来源

收集2016年12月至2018年12月青岛大学附属医院49例子宫内膜癌、9例不典型增生及11例正常子宫内膜组织的病理标本。在子宫内膜癌患者中,年龄38~73岁,中位年龄56.5岁;BMI:超重患者30例,正常患者19例;病理分级:G1 15例,G2 20例,G3 14例;FIGO分期:I期37例,II期4例,III期8例;淋巴结转移5例,淋巴结无转移44例。所有患者均具备完整的临床病理资料,其信息的采集和使用均获得了患者或其家属的知情同意,并已通过青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会的审查与批准。

2.2. 免疫组织化学检测

2.2.1. 实验方案

所有标本均经过中性甲醛固定24 h,常规取材,石蜡包埋,每个蜡块行4 μm连续切片,脱蜡,脱水,tris-EDTA (pH 9.0)缓冲液抗原修复。FOXM1 (1:500稀释)和PLK1 (1:500稀释) 4℃冰箱过夜,二抗,DAB显色,苏木素复染,盐酸乙醇分化,脱水,封片。

2.2.2. 主要试剂

FOXM1多克隆抗体(13147-1-AP, proteintech)、PLK1 (10305-1-AP, proteintech)、SP通用试剂盒(PV-9000,中杉金桥)

2.2.3. 结果判读

FOXM1和PLK1均主要定位于细胞核,其阳性表达表现为核内出现黄褐色颗粒。由两名病理科医生采用双盲法进行观察,随机选取5个高倍镜视野,每个视野计数不少于200个细胞,记录阳性细胞的比例及染色强度。阳性细胞比例评分标准如下:无阳性细胞为0分,阳性细胞占比0%~25%为1分,26%~50%为2分,51%~75%为3分,76%~100%为4分。染色强度评分标准如下:无染色为0分,浅黄色为1分,深黄色为2分,棕褐色为3分。最终得分为阳性细胞比例评分与染色强度评分的乘积,得分 < 5分为低表达,≥5分为高表达。

2.3. 统计学处理

使用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析,FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜组织及正常子宫内膜组织中的表达差异通过卡方检验进行评估;FOXM1与PLK1之间的相关性则采用Spearman相关性分析。P值 < 0.05被视为具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. FOXM1、PLK1在正常子宫内膜、不典型增生的子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌中的表达

在子宫内膜癌组中,FOXM1高表达病例为24例,正常子宫内膜组中为1例,不典型增生子宫内膜组中为5例。三组间FOXM1的表达差异具有统计学意义(P = 0.04)。同时,PLK1在子宫内膜癌组中高表达病例为27例,正常子宫内膜组中为0例,不典型增生子宫内膜组中为2例,三组间PLK1的表达差异亦具有统计学意义(P = 0.002,表1图1)。

(a) FOXM1在子宫内膜癌中的表达,(b) FOXM1在不典型增生的子宫内膜中的表达,(c) FOXM1在正常子宫内膜中的表达,(d) PLK1在子宫内膜癌中的表达,(e) PLK1在不典型增生的子宫内膜中的表达,(f) PLK1在正常子宫内膜中的表达。

Figure 1. Expressions of FOXM1 and PLK1 in normal endometrial, atypical endometrial and endometrial carcinoma

1. FOXM1、PLK1在正常子宫内膜、不典型增生的子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌中的表达

Table 1. The relationship between FOXM1 and PLK1 expression and endometrial histological type

1. FOXM1和PLK1表达与子宫内膜组织学类型的关系

类型

n

FOXM1/例

χ2

P

PLK1/例

χ2

P

高表达

低表达

高表达

低表达

子宫内膜癌

49

24

25

6.431

0.040*

27

22

12.861

0.002*

不典型增生的子宫内膜

9

5

4

2

7

正常子宫内膜

11

1

10

0

11

3.2. FOXM1、PLK1表达与子宫内膜癌临床病理特征的关系

FOXM1的表达水平与子宫内膜癌患者的FIGO分期(P < 0.001)及淋巴结转移(P = 0.016)显著相关,但与患者的年龄、BMI、病理分级及肌层浸润深度均无显著关联(均P > 0.05)。PLK1的表达水平则与子宫内膜癌患者的病理分级(P = 0.016)、FIGO分期(P = 0.010)及淋巴结转移(P = 0.033)显著相关,但与患者的年龄、BMI及肌层浸润深度均无显著关联(均P > 0.05,表2)。

Table 2. The relationship between FOXM1 and PLK1 and clinicopathological parameters

2. FOXM1和PLK1与临床病理参数之间的关系

临床信息

n

FOXM1/例

χ2

P

PLK1/例

χ2

P

高表达

低表达

高表达

低表达

年龄/岁

1.361

0.243

0.880

0.348

<50

7

2

5

5

2

≥50

42

22

20

22

20

BMI

0.987

0.320

2.119

0.145

超重

30

13

17

19

11

正常

19

11

8

8

11

病理分级

1.923

0.382

8.213

0.016*

G1

15

6

9

4

11

G2

20

9

11

12

8

G3

14

9

5

11

3

FIGO分期

16.554

<0.001*

9.262

0.010*

I

37

12

25

16

21

II

4

4

0

3

1

III

8

8

0

8

0

肌层浸润

2.706

0.100

1.169

0.280

无浸润或 < 1/2肌层

34

14

20

17

17

≥1/2肌层

15

10

5

10

5

淋巴结转移

5.800

0.016*

4.537

0.033*

5

5

0

5

0

44

19

25

22

22

3.3. FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达相关性

在49例子宫内膜癌患者中,FOXM1和PLK1同时高表达的病例为17例,同时低表达的病例为15例,FOXM1高表达而PLK1低表达的病例为7例,FOXM1低表达而PLK1高表达的病例为10例。通过Spearman相关性分析发现,FOXM1与PLK1的表达水平呈显著正相关(r = 0.310,P = 0.030,表3)。

Table 3. Correlation between FOXM1 and PLK1

3. FOXM1和PLK1的相关性

FOXM1

PLK1

r

P

高表达

低表达

高表达

17

7

0.310

0.030*

低表达

10

15

4. 讨论

FOXM1基因由10个外显子组成,长度约在25 kb,定位于12p13.33染色体上。FOXM1有四个主要的剪接变体,包括FOXM1A、B、C、D,它们由外显子Va和VIIa的差异剪接产生[9]-[11]。目前,已有一些在子宫内膜癌中针对FOXM1的报道,研究普遍发现FOXM1在子宫内膜癌组织中高表达[12] [13],这一点与本研究的检测结果一致。Chen等人的研究[14]发现FOXM1在子宫内膜癌组织中高表达,并且FOXM1与子宫内膜癌患者的预后密切相关。Feng等人的研究[15]则关注了不同病理类型的子宫内膜癌中FOXM1的表达,发现FOXM1在子宫内膜样内膜癌和浆液性子宫内膜癌组织中过表达。Hafez等人的研究[16]关注了FOXM1的表达与不同临床病理因素之间的关系,FOXM1表达增加与较大的肿瘤大小、高级别、子宫肌层浸润、淋巴结转移的存在、较高的FIGO以及较差的无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)呈正相关。本研究同样检测了FOXM1的表达与不同临床病理因素的关系,并发现,FOXM1的表达情况与子宫内膜癌患者的FIGO分期和淋巴结转移相关(P = 0.016);与子宫内膜癌患者的年龄、BMI、病理分级、肌层浸润均无关。然而,FOXM1在子宫内膜癌发生发展作用中的具体机制仍需更广泛的探索。

PLK1是FOXM1的靶基因,两者在肿瘤中的表达显著相关[17]-[19]。有研究[20]表明,FOXM1激活的关键事件是PLK1在S715位点的磷酸化,FOXM1-PLK1相互作用发生在G2/M晚期,导致随后PLK1介导的S715和S724磷酸化,从而增加FOXM1靶基因的反式激活。在甲状腺癌[21]、胃腺癌[22]、肾透明细胞癌[23]、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤[24]等多种癌症类型中研究表明FOXM1与PLK1协同过表达。在肝细胞癌中的研究发现[25],FOXM1和PLK1在肿瘤组织中过表达,并且二者表达呈正相关。Poyil等人的研究[21]发现PLK1的敲低能够抑制FoxM1的表达,而FoxM1的敲低不会影响PLK1的表达,这表明FOXM1在PLK1的下游发挥作用。此研究还通过联合应用PLK1抑制剂和FoxM1抑制剂,表明同时靶向PLK1和FOXM1能够减少体外甲状腺癌细胞的生长和延缓体内甲状腺癌的生长。然而,PLK1在子宫内膜癌中的研究尚少。本研究证实了在子宫内膜癌中PLK1过表达,且PLK1与FOXM1的表达正相关,这一结果与其他癌症类型中的研究结果一致。本研究还检测了PLK1的表达与临床病理因素之间的关系,发现PLK1的表达情况与子宫内膜癌患者的病理分级、FIGO分期和淋巴结转移相关,与患者的年龄、BMI、肌层浸润深度均无关。这一结果与FOXM1的表达与临床病理因素之间的关系一同提示,FOXM1和PLK1可能在癌细胞增殖和转移中发挥作用,联合检测FOXM1和PLK1或可用于评估子宫内膜癌患者的发生、发展,也为明确其调节机制及靶向治疗提供新的理论依据。

5. 小结

本研究证实了FOXM1和PLK1在子宫内膜癌组织中高表达,且二者表达成正相关,同时二者的高表达均与更高的FIGO分期和淋巴结转移相关,提示FOXM1和PLK1可能在子宫内膜癌的进展过程中发挥重要作用,二者的相互作用具有成为子宫内膜癌诊断生物标志物的潜能。

利益冲突声明

本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

基金项目

日照市自然科学基金项目(RZ2022ZR32)。

患者知情同意声明

该研究已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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