富血小板血浆在糖尿病足慢性创面的研究进展
Advances in Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Chronic Diabetic Foot Wounds
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1541309, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 王正丹, 任胜全:青岛大学附属医院手足显微外科,山东 青岛;黎钟遍, 沈世科, 林 森, 郑辉虎, 黄圣豪, 陈龙弟*:陵水黎族自治县人民医院骨科,海南 陵水
关键词: 富血小板血浆糖尿病足创面溃疡Platelet-Rich Plasma Diabetic Foot Wound Ulcer
摘要: 糖尿病足慢性创面是导致糖尿病患者截肢甚至死亡的主要原因之一。研究表明富血小板血浆在创面愈合过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。近年来,富血小板血浆越来越广泛地应用于糖尿病足慢性创面修复的研究中,临床上取得了良好的治疗效果并具有一定优势,可能成为治疗的新方向。本文将现有的相关研究进行综述,探讨富血小板血浆在糖尿病足慢性创面中的治疗机制以及临床治疗的应用价值。
Abstract: Diabetic foot chronic wounds are one of the leading causes of amputation and even mortality in diabetic patients. Studies have shown that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) plays a significant regulatory role in the wound healing process. In recent years, PRP has been increasingly applied in the research of diabetic foot chronic wound repair, demonstrating promising therapeutic outcomes and certain advantages in clinical practice. It may emerge as a novel direction for treatment. This article reviews existing relevant studies to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of PRP in diabetic foot chronic wounds and its clinical application value.
文章引用:王正丹, 任胜全, 黎钟遍, 沈世科, 林森, 郑辉虎, 黄圣豪, 陈龙弟. 富血小板血浆在糖尿病足慢性创面的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(4): 3383-3388. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1541309

1. 引言

糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)是一种以高血糖为特征的复杂多系统代谢紊乱,可导致多种并发症,是一种常见的慢性疾病,随着生活水平的提高,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,我国患糖尿病的20~79岁患者数超过1.4亿,位居全球215个国家和地区之首,预计到2045年,这一数字将继续增加至1.744亿[1]-[3]。糖尿病会伴随许多并发症,糖尿病足溃疡(diabetic foot ulcer, DFU)就是其中一种严重的并发症,糖尿病足溃疡及创面每年影响全球约1860万人,这些创面如果不及时治疗,足部创面可能会发展为软组织感染、坏疽甚至截肢[4]。慢性创面也称为顽固性/慢性伤口目前缺乏准确定义,普遍接受的共识是如果伤口在治疗一个月后未能愈合或显示出缺乏愈合趋势,则将其归类为慢性难治性创面[5]-[7]

富血小板血浆(Platelet-Rich Plasma, PRP)自20世纪80年代以来就被公认为一种医学治疗方法,并在许多外科领域得到了广泛的应用[8]。然而,尽管它在医学上已经存在了几十年,但它仍然没有广泛用于伤口治疗,也没有标准的制剂配方。糖尿病慢性创面在临床上有很多治疗方案,其中PRP是一种安全有效新型治疗方案,有望为治疗糖尿病足慢性创面提供新的思路[7] [9]。本文将国内外PRP治疗糖尿病足慢性创面的基础研究及在糖尿病足慢性创面临床应用进行简要综述,文章的纳入及排除标准见表1

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. 纳入及排除标准

类型

具体标准

纳入标准

1) 论文发表日期在2015年1月1日~2025年1月1日;

2) 中文或英文文章;

3) 研究报告了详细的临床、实验结果。

排除标准

1) 个案报告、会议摘要、未发表预印本、非同行评议文献;

2) 重复发表文献、高偏倚风险研究(如未随机分组、盲法缺失);

3) 无法检索文章全文的论文。

2. PRP的制备与保存

在过去几十年,虽然在制备上不断对其进行优化和改良,然而至今仍然没有一个统一的标准。目前,关于PRP的具体制备方法很多,其中Landesberg制备法较为经典[10],步骤包括抽取患者的血液,离心血液以获得多层,血液首先通过离心分离成三种成分,包括红细胞层、白细胞和血小板层以及一层血小板血浆。然后进行第二次离心,将血小板进一步浓缩成少量血浆,称为PRP。并提取含有PRP的血沉棕黄层[11]。在临床实践中,PRP通常在纯化后立即给药,而冷冻保存的PRP用于研究。但也有研究认为冷冻保存PRP是进一步使用的可行且合适的选择[12],Beitia等在−20℃和−80℃时保存PRP 6个月和12个月,通过对血小板计数和大小、纤维蛋白原水平、血小板活化百分比、生长因子的分析,认为PRP仍具有使用价值。Su等[13]检查不同浓度的冷冻保存的PRP对细胞极化、迁移和增殖的影响,5%PRP在所有浓度中表现出最显著的刺激,显著影响细胞增殖、血管生成和迁移。

3. PRP治疗糖尿病足慢性创面机制

3.1. PRP促进组织再生修复

糖尿病患者创面愈合过程中,不同生长因子的正常平衡及其浓度被破坏,导致创面正常愈合过程被打断,PRP主要通过释放多种生物活性分子在伤口愈合过程中发挥作用,这些生物活性因子包括生长因子、溶酶体和细胞因子。生长因子又包括血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)、转化生长因子(TGF) β1、β2和β3、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF) [14]。这些生物活性因子可以通过血管内皮生长因子A (VEGFA)/VEGF受体2 (VEGFR2)/细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)途径起到调节炎症、促进血管形成、干细胞迁移及细胞增殖。PRP中还存在纤维蛋白,这些纤维蛋白在组织修复的过程中可以通过形成广泛的纤维网来控制血小板释放生长因子,进一步促进组织的再生和健康发展[15]

3.2. PRP抗菌作用

糖尿病病人长期高糖状态利于各种细菌生长,高血糖可通过影响白细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞而导致机体防御能力下降,进而可以增加了创面的感染风险[16] [17]。而PRP中存在高浓度的淋巴细胞和血小板等具有防感染作用,比如血小板中的免疫球蛋白、抗菌肽等物质都具有抑菌、抗菌的作用[18]。另外血小板可以产生与抗菌活性一致的活性氧[19]。同时,血小板与金黄色葡萄球菌存在双向的作用。细菌通过细胞膜蛋白激活血小板。在另一个方向上,血小板将细菌聚集到血小板涂层中,引发炎症,并通过其分泌的介质促进直接抗葡萄球菌作用[20]。所以说PRP的抗菌作用对糖尿病足创面修复有很好的作用。PRP与传统抗生素并不会发生相互排斥,结合使用还可以起到协同作用,使得治疗效果更好[21]

4. PRP治疗糖尿病足慢性创面频率和持续时间

PRP治疗糖尿病慢性创面频率从仅一次应用到每周一次、每两周一次和每周两次不等。每周应用两次PRP的研究显示,比仅应用一次或每隔一周应用一次PRP更有益[22]。治疗持续时间包括四个时间框架:仅一次、三周、12周和20周。仅应用一次PRP与对照组没有差异[23]。没有足够的证据来确定三周研究中更长时间的PRP应用是否与12周或20周的研究不同[8]

5. PRP在糖尿病足慢性创面的应用形式

5.1. 自体PRP应用于糖尿病足慢性创面

使用自体PRP可在更短的时间内实现更高的伤口愈合率,并且不受患者年龄、性别或吸烟和血压状况的影响。目前临床上使用自体PRP广泛应用于治疗糖尿病足慢性创面[24],制备自体富血小板血浆凝胶的最常用的方法是使用富血小板血浆、凝血酶、和葡萄糖酸钙的组合[25]。虽然有不同报道对PRP治疗糖尿病足慢性创面疗效不一致,但是这与PRP制备过程缺乏标准化,以及缺乏设计良好的随机临床试验有关,另外患者的特征、创面类型、PRP制备方法等因素对研究结局也存在影响,这些因素都会导致PRP对创面修复效果存在差异[11]

5.2. PRP与其他方式连用治疗糖尿病足慢性创面

PRP可以与其它治疗创面的方法结合,比如负压吸引技术,负压吸引治疗通过去除渗出液、减少水肿和促进肉芽组织形成,从而加速愈合并为皮肤移植做准备[26],在管理复杂伤口方面发挥了至关重要的作用,Faramarzi等[27]通过负压伤口治疗和富血小板血浆注射相结合治疗糖尿病足溃疡并取得满意效果。人工真皮是一种用于伤口覆盖的先进脱细胞生物材料,也有研究将PRP与人工真皮结合在治疗骨骼和肌腱暴露的复杂软组织缺损时取得满意效果[28]。近年来纳米材料在伤口愈合中的作用被发现,Karas等[29]通过将硒纳米颗粒和PRP组合治疗的糖尿病小鼠的伤口愈合取得成功。PRP凝胶仍然存在生长因子快速释放的问题,需要频繁给药,从而导致伤口愈合效率降低、成本增加以及患者更大的痛苦,PRP与生物活性纤维水凝胶结合可以为这个问题带来解决方案[30]。干细胞疗法也被应用于创面修复,脂肪来源的间充质干细胞和PRP疗法联合促进糖尿病伤口愈合的疗效,但是目前仍处于动物实验阶段,距离应用于临床还需要进一步研究[31]。抗生素骨水泥是一种特殊的骨修复材料,机械强度高、抗感染能力持久,在骨感染中应用较广,也有研究通过自体富血小板血浆联合抗生素骨水泥治疗糖尿病足在临床实践中确定满意效果,将PRP技术与其他技术结合或许是未来发展的方向[32]

5.3. 同种异体富血小板血浆治疗糖尿病慢性创面的安全性和有效性

许多患有慢性伤口的老年患者经常患有营养不良、低蛋白血症和中重度贫血,这使得收集足够的全血来提取PRP变得困难。另外,此类患者PRP质量可能会受到损害,影响其生物功能[33] [34]。作为自体富血小板血浆的替代品,异同种异体PRP有一定的临床应用潜力[35] [36]。因此使用同种异体PRP治疗慢性难治性伤口被证实是一种可行、有效和安全的生物疗法[7]

6. 结语

综上所述,目前PRP主要通过参与调节炎症、促进分泌生长因子以及发挥抗菌所用促进创面愈合。PRP以其安全、经济、易制备的优势在糖尿病足慢性创面治疗上有很大的潜力。然而,目前PRP在制备标准化以及长期保存方面仍然存在问题,但是目前存在的这些问题随着研究进展有望突破。目前PRP除了单独使用,亦与其他治疗手段联合应用于糖尿病足慢性创面,并且取得了良好的临床结果。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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