婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒感染重症危险因素的研究进展
Advances in the Research on Risk Factors for Severe Infections Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants and Young Children
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551343, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 张媛媛, 邓 昱*, 刘恩梅*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 呼吸道合胞病毒危险因素急性下呼吸道感染Respiratory Syncytial Virus Risk Factors Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
摘要: 呼吸道合胞病毒在全球范围内广泛流行,是引起5岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染最主要的病毒病原之一。RSV传染性较强,几乎所有儿童在出生后头两年都会发生一次或多次RSV感染。大部分儿童感染RSV后仅表现出轻微至中度的呼吸道症状,但高危婴幼儿(如早产儿、低出生体重儿及患有基础疾病者)中,感染可迅速进展为重症,甚至发生死亡结局。既往已有大量探讨RSV感染重症危险因素的研究,但缺乏系统性的总结更新。目前,长效单克隆抗体Nirsevimab已在国内获批上市,即将广泛应用于婴幼儿RSV预防,明确高危因素对指导RSV被动免疫策略、减轻相关疾病负担至关重要。本文将全面综述婴幼儿RSV感染重症化的主要高危因素,以期为RSV科学防治提供参考。
Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viral pathogens worldwide causing acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALTI) in children under 5 years of age. RSV is highly contagious, with almost all children developing one or more RSV infections in the first two years of life. Most children infected with RSV show only mild to moderate respiratory symptoms, but in high-risk infants and young children (e.g., preterm infants, low-birth-weight infants, and those with underlying medical conditions), the infection can rapidly progress to severe illness and even fatal outcomes. There have been many studies exploring the risk factors for severe RSV infection, but a systematic summary update is lacking. Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, has been approved for market use in China and is about to be widely applied in the prevention of RSV in infants and young children. Identifying high-risk factors is crucial for guiding passive immunization strategies for RSV and alleviating the associated disease burden. This article aims to comprehensively review the major high-risk factors for severe RSV infection in infants and young children, with the goal of providing a reference for the scientific prevention and treatment of RSV.
文章引用:张媛媛, 邓昱, 刘恩梅. 婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒感染重症危险因素的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 70-77. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551343

1. 引言

呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV)是一种单股负链RNA病毒,属于肺病毒科(Pneumoviridae),正肺病毒属(Orhopneumovirus),于1956年由美国沃尔特里德陆军研究所在黑猩猩体内首次发现[1]。RSV具有高度传染性,是儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见的病原之一。流行病学资料表明几乎所有儿童在两岁之前都会感染RSV,半数以上儿童在生后1年内发生RSV首次感染[2]。儿童RSV感染具有一定的自限性,大部分患儿仅表现出轻微至中度的呼吸道症状,如鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽、低烧等,1~2周内可自行缓解,预后良好[3]。然而,特定高危群体(如幼龄、早产、先天性心脏病、慢性肺部疾病的患儿[4])感染RSV后可以迅速进展为重症肺炎或重症毛细支气管炎,相较于健康群体,其住院、死亡的风险数倍增加,面临着较长的住院时间和高昂的医疗费用。

婴幼儿群体对RSV的普遍易感性以及高危群体的重症、死亡风险显著增加,使得RSV感染在世界范围内产生了沉重的疾病负担。根据《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)最新发布的研究数据,每年全球约有3300万例因RSV引发的5岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染(Acute Lower Respiratory Infections, ALRI),其中需要住院治疗的病例达360万例,入院后死亡病例约263,000例[5],住院、死亡结局集中发生在高危群体,尤其是6月龄以内或合并基础疾病的婴儿。

由于缺乏特异性抗病毒药物,目前RSV治疗以对症支持为主,包括使用支气管舒张剂、糖皮质激素以及呼吸支持等,对于RSV感染高危人群,预防成为抵御RSV健康威胁的重要环节。随着近2年长效单克隆抗体Nirsevimab (尼塞韦单抗)在国内外获批上市,Nirsevimab成为了全球首个唯一、可广泛应用于婴儿群体预防RSV感染的新兴手段。

来自法国的最新的真实世界研究显示Nirsevimab免疫接种可降低3个月以下婴儿RSV的住院风险,PICU入住率降低51.1%,RSV检出率降低79.6% [6]。美国的研究数据显示[7],对8月龄以下的患儿应用Nirsevimab预防RSV相关住院的有效率超过90%。来自菲律宾的荟萃分析[8]研究数据同样显示,应用Nirsevimab显著降低了RSV感染风险(RR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.18~0.38)和住院风险(RR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.13~0.47)。目前,Nirsevimab在西方国家的临床应用可显著降低RSV住院率[9],其具有良好的安全性[10]和持久性,研究报道在接种9408剂次后,未观察到与Nirsevimab相关的严重不良事件,保护时间长达5个月[11],未来有望降低高危患儿RSV相关住院率及死亡率,减轻疾病负担[12]

基于此,本文将系统综述RSV感染的重症化高危因素,识别RSV预防的重点高危人群,旨在为今后Nirsevimab的临床应用和RSV被动免疫策略提供理论依据和实践指导。

2. 危险因素

2.1. 幼龄

幼龄是RSV感染重症关键风险因素[13],6个月以下的婴儿是RSV感染后的高危人群[14]。根据2019年最新流行病学资料显示,在5岁以下儿童RSV相关ALTI中,6月龄内婴儿群体的疾病负担最为沉重,感染病例占比达20%,住院病例占比39%,而死亡病例占比将近一半[5]。一篇2022年的系统评价,共纳入约10万例RSV相关ALRTI,研究结果显示,年龄 < 3个月(OR = 4.91, 95% CI: 1.64~14.71)以及年龄 < 6个月(OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.73~2.35)是RSV-ALRTI发生不良结局的危险因素[15]

值得注意的是,0~2月龄以下婴儿的重症风险尤为突出,研究表明该年龄段群体RSV相关住院率是2~12月龄婴儿的3~5.5倍,需要重症监护的比例是其他年龄组的1.5~2.0倍[16]。有研究统计,<2月龄婴幼儿占2岁以下RSV住院病例的44% [17]。根据一项来自非洲地区的研究统计,在院内RSV致死病例中,小于3月龄的婴儿群体占比超过七成[18]

这一现象可能与婴儿出生后初期处于“免疫空窗期”有关。来源于母体的IgG抗体半衰期约为30天,生后婴儿血清中针对RSV的中和抗体迅速衰减,至2月龄时RSV抗体已所剩不多。加之生后婴儿免疫系统尚未发育成熟,Th1/Th2免疫平衡偏向Th2,Th1型细胞因子(如IFN-γ)分泌水平偏低[19]。而IFN-γ作为激活巨噬细胞、增强抗病毒能力的关键因子,其不足直接限制了婴幼儿对RSV病毒的清除能力。除外免疫因素,小月龄婴儿特有的解剖生理特征如呼吸道管腔较狭窄、粘液纤毛清除系统(Mucociliary Clearance, MCC)效能低下等亦是RSV感染易致重症化的原因。

2.2. 早产与低出生体重

根据2020年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)发布的《早产儿全球报告》,全球每年约有1500万早产儿,占比全部新生儿的10% [20]。早产(胎龄 < 37周)与低出生体重(<2500 g)是许多疾病共同的风险因素[21],两者往往共同存在。早产儿由于宫内发育不足,其免疫系统和肺结构功能不完善,面临更高的支气管肺发育不良患病风险[22],对RSV的易感性显著升高[23],最新研究数据显示早产儿占RSV住院负担的25% [24]

Shi等人2015年进行的荟萃分析纳入了20篇研究,结果显示低出生体重患儿RSV感染后出现不良结局的风险增加约1.91倍(95% CI: 1.45~2.53) [25]。2020年,Cai等研究也证明低出生体重是RSV感染后不良结局的独立危险因素(OR = 6.77, 95% CI: 1.28~35.71) [26]

2024年,王昕等人在《柳叶刀》发表多中心研究统计了全球早产儿RSV相关的ALTI的疾病负担,数据预测全球早产儿中有165万例RSV相关ALRI,其中53.3万例RSV相关住院,3050例RSV相关住院死亡。早期早产儿与晚期早产儿的重症化风险亦有差异,早期早产儿RSV相关ALRI发病率和住院率约为出生于其他胎龄的婴儿的1.69至3.87倍,而晚期早产儿的RSV相关ALRI发病率与1岁以下所有婴儿相似[24]。值得注意的是,也有研究认为早产虽增加了患儿RSV感染后入住PICU的风险,但与死亡风险无显著相关性[27]

2.3. 基础疾病

多种基础疾病已被证明与RSV重症密切相关,相比于健康个体,合并基础疾病包括先天性心脏病(Congenital Heart Disease, CHD)、慢性肺病(Chronic Lung Disease, CLD)、唐氏综合症(Down Syndrome, DS)、免疫缺陷[28]的患儿感染RSV后更易出现不良结局,应为Nirsevimab关注的重点人群。其中血流动力学显著改变的CHD、支气管肺发育不良(Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, BPD)和DS被2024年最新发布的《人呼吸道合胞病毒下呼吸道感染治疗及预防指南》选作强推荐的重症危险因素[29]

2.3.1. 先天性心脏病

血流动力学异常的先天性心脏病患儿存在肺通气/灌注比例失调,直接影响气体交换效率,加之肺血流量增加导致肺血管充血使得肺顺应性降低,长期以往可导致支气管受压或气道重塑,上述都是增加RSV感染后重症风险的病理性结构损害[30]。2021年来自非洲地区的一项研究统计了发生RSV相关ALTI院内死亡的6月龄以下婴幼儿合并10种潜在健康问题的概况,包含先天性心脏结构畸形、营养不良、唐氏综合征等染色体异常等。研究结果显示85% RSV相关ALTI院内死亡患儿至少含有1种潜在医疗健康问题,63%的患儿合并超过2种。合并CHD的患儿群体占比较低,仅为4.4%,但却是唯一与RSV感染风险增加显著相关的危险因素(aRR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.71~7.44) [31]。另外一篇来自发达国家新加坡的一项研究,纳入了5785名因RSV感染而入住PICU的儿童,结果显示血流动力学异常的CHD是RSV感染院内死亡的独立风险因素(OR = 12.2; 95% CI: 0.9~16.7) [27]

2.3.2. 支气管肺发育不良

支气管肺发育不良(BPD),多发生在胎龄小于32周的早产儿中及患肺透明膜病应用高浓度氧和机械通气存活后,并且其主要病理改变为肺纤维化,现也称作慢性肺疾病(CLD)。2020年的一项Meta分析结果显示,合并BPD将显著增加RSV感染患儿的重症风险,其中住院风险增加2.6倍,ICU入住风险升高2.9倍,机械通气需求增加8.2倍,院内死亡风险增至12.8倍[32]。BPD患儿感染RSV后具有极高的重症化倾向,应作为RSV预防重点关注的人群。

2.3.3. 唐氏综合征

唐氏综合症(DS)是全球最常见的染色体疾病[33],由RSV感染所致的呼吸道感染是DS儿童住院的主要原因。一篇整合既往20年西方国家RSV证据的研究报道,患有DS的儿童RSV相关住院率显著增加,且住院时间更长,平均住院时间为3~10天[34]。一篇来自瑞典的全国性队列研究结果显示,2岁以下DS婴幼儿在感染RSV后住院的风险显著升高(OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 2.83~15.38) [35]。一篇荟萃分析纳入了来自10个国家的12项研究,结果显示,与非DS儿童相比,DS儿童的住院时间延长近5天,氧气需求显著增加(OR = 6.53, 95% CI: 2.22~19.19),机械通气需求、ICU入院风险都增加了2.5倍左右[36]。对于唐氏综合征患者,预防性使用Nirsevimab可能对减少DS儿童RSV相关住院率具有重要意义。

2.3.4. 免疫缺陷

免疫缺陷儿童是呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染的高危群体。RSV附着于支气管纤毛中,主要损害气道表面,其可通过多种机制逃避树突状细胞(DCs)的抗原识别,从而限制固有免疫效果[37]。感染初期机体产生的中和抗体以及细胞毒性T细胞介导的适应性免疫是清除RSV的主要途径。然而,免疫缺陷患儿,如联合免疫缺陷(combined immunodeficiency, CID)、严重联合免疫缺陷病(severe combined immunodeficiency disease, SCID)患儿细胞毒性T细胞介导的免疫作用存在显著缺陷或不足,容易发生重症RSV感染,甚至导致死亡[38]

2024年,圣裘德儿童研究医院收集了58名RSV阳性的免疫缺陷患者,包括23例急性淋巴细胞白血病,11例实体瘤,24例患有急性髓系白血病、SCIDS或接受过造血干细胞移植(Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, HSCT)。研究结果显示,16例免疫缺陷患儿发展为RSV相关LRTI,42%发生在急性髓系白血病、SCIDS或接受过HSCT的患儿,其中5例发生院内死亡,总死亡率为8.6%,远远高出正常健康儿童[39]。由此可见,对于免疫缺陷患者,预防RSV感染至关重要。与主动免疫(如感染或疫苗接种)不同,单克隆抗体Nirsevimab本身提供保护,而非激活免疫系统,或将成为保护免疫缺陷患儿预防重症RSV的理想选择。

2.3.5. 其他危险因素

据研究报道,囊性纤维化、神经肌肉疾病等基础疾病也是发生重症和危重症的高危人群[40]。有研究指出男性亦是RSV住院的重要独立风险因素,但其机制尚不清楚,有研究发现IL-9基因多态性(rs2069885)对男女儿童严重RSV细支气管炎的风险具有相反的影响,可能是RSV感染的性别差异机制之一[41]

混合感染可显著增加RSV感染的严重程度,一项来自我国深圳地区509例RSV感染患儿的多因素回归分析结果显示,混合感染是发生重症RSV肺炎的高危因素之一,OR值为14.3 [42]。RSV与腺病毒的混合感染会显著RSV相关LRTI的住院时间、病情严重程度以及ICU入住率[43]

一些环境因素如气候、家庭拥挤、被动吸烟、缺乏母乳喂养等,亦可增加RSV感染易感性[44]和严重程度[45]。一项新加坡的研究结果显示,环境温度下降和绝对湿度上升会加剧了儿童RSV感染风险,而空气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、CO、SO2)浓度增加与RSV感染风险降低相关[46],这可能是因为较低的温度增加了病毒稳定性和宿主易感性或休眠病毒的激活[47]

母乳被认为是预防RSV感染的重要保护因素,根据《儿童毛细支气管炎管理临床实践指南》(2024版)的推荐意见,出生后纯母乳喂养大于6个月可降低毛细支气管炎的发病率、减轻疾病严重度及改善预后[48]。Gabriela等人对母乳喂养和RSV易感性及严重程度做了系统性综述,共纳入23篇文献,结果显示非母乳喂养是住院的重要危险因素,非母乳喂养的婴儿入院率、氧气需求较母乳喂养婴儿更多,住院时间相对较长[49]

3. 结语

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是世界范围内引起5岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)最重要的病毒病原,疾病负担沉重。高危婴幼儿群体(如幼龄、早产儿、低出生体重儿及患有基础疾病者),由于缺乏特异性药物,感染RSV后其住院、死亡风险较健康群体数倍增加,亟需有效的预防措施。Nirsevimab于2024年初成为首个且唯一在华获批的RSV感染预防药物,或将为RSV高危人群提供有效保护,有望减轻疾病负担。

本研究总结了婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染重症化危险因素,为临床识别高危人群及制定预防策略提供了参考,未来,仍需相关研究对不同危险因素的权重进行评估,帮助临床精准确定优先预防措施,并开展更多Nirsevimab临床应用相关的系统评价以评估Nirsevimab对RSV高危患儿的临床获益。

致 谢

感谢重庆医科大学未来医学青年创新团队发展支持计划对本项目提供的特别资助,感谢尊敬的刘恩梅教授、邓昱副教授对本研究的悉心指导。

基金项目

邓昱儿童新发重大传染病标准化分级防治规范化体系推广(十四五国家重点研发计划子课题参与单位) 2000049;邓昱、张诚AI辅助儿童呼吸危重症和后遗症管理的临床决策平台(2023年未来医学青年创新团队发展支持计划项目) 3001258。

NOTES

*共同通讯作者,对本文贡献相同。

参考文献

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