类风湿关节炎合并肺间质病变临床特点及影响因素研究
Study of Clinical Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis Combined with Interstitial Lung Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551366, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘丽敏:山东第一医科大学研究生院,山东 济南;陈宜恒*:山东第一医科大学附属菏泽医院风湿免疫科,山东 菏泽;李红梅:山东第一医科大学附属菏泽医院急诊内科,山东 菏泽
关键词: 类风湿关节炎肺间质病变临床特点危险因素Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease Clinical Features Risk Factors
摘要: 目的:探讨类风湿关节炎(RA)合并肺间质病变(ILD)的临床特点及影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2020年1月至2024年12月期间在菏泽市立医院确诊的213例RA患者的临床资料。根据胸部高分辨CT (HRCT)结果,将患者分为单纯RA组(112例)和RA-ILD组(101例),收集两组患者的基线资料、实验室指标等,比较两组间各指标的差异性,将具有显著差异的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,分析RA-ILD的独立影响因素。结果:1. 年龄、来氟米特用药史、RF、抗CCP抗体滴度、补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-17A、肿瘤坏死因子α在单纯RA组与RA-ILD组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其中来氟米特用药史是RA-ILD的危险因素,补体C3、补体C4降低是RA-ILD的危险因素,其他指标升高是RA-ILD的危险因素。2. 年龄、抗CCP抗体、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2是RA患者继发ILD的独立危险因素。结论:年龄、来氟米特用药史、RF、抗CCP抗体滴度、补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-17A、肿瘤坏死因子α与RA-ILD的发生发展有关;年龄、抗CCP抗体、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2是RA患者继发ILD的独立危险因素。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) combined with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Methods: The clinical data of 213 RA patients diagnosed in Heze Municipal Hospital between January 2020 and December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the results of high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest, the patients were divided into the RA-only group (112 cases) and the RA-ILD group (101 cases). The baseline data and laboratory indexes of the two groups were collected to compare the indexes’ differences, and variables with significant differences were included in the multifactorial Logistic regression model to analyze the independent influencing factors of RA-ILD. Results: 1. Age, history of leflunomide medication, RF, anti-CCP antibody titer, complement C3, complement C4, immunoglobulin A, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α were compared between the RA-only group and the RA-ILD group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), with the history of leflunomide medication being a RA-ILD risk factor, decreased complement C3 and complement C4 were risk factors for RA-ILD, and elevated other indexes were risk factors for RA-ILD. 2. Age, anti-CCP antibody, immunoglobulin A, and IL-2 were independent risk factors for secondary ILD in RA patients. Conclusion: Age, history of leflunomide administration, RF, anti-CCP antibody titer, complement C3, complement C4, immunoglobulin A, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α were associated with the development of RA-ILD; age, anti-CCP antibody, immunoglobulin A, and IL-2 were independent risk factors for secondary ILD in RA patients.
文章引用:刘丽敏, 陈宜恒, 李红梅. 类风湿关节炎合并肺间质病变临床特点及影响因素研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 260-266. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551366

1. 引言

类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)是一种以慢性系统性炎症为特征的自身免疫性疾病,主要累及关节,导致关节疼痛、畸形、残疾,严重者甚至危及生命[1]。RA不仅影响关节,还可累及多个器官系统,其中以肺部受累尤为突出。间质性肺疾病(Interstitial Lung Disease, ILD)是呼吸系统最常见和最严重的并发症[2]。尽管RA-ILD的确切发病机制尚未完全阐明,但研究提示其可能与遗传背景、环境暴露、免疫系统异常及抗风湿药物的应用等多重因素密切相关[3]。ILD通常呈进行性发展的趋势,RA-ILD患者的死亡率较RA患者相比呈显著增加趋势[4]。而大部分RA-ILD患者早期无症状,只有10%患者有进行性劳力性呼吸困难、咳嗽等显著症状[5]。本研究整理了213例菏泽市立医院风湿科RA住院患者的病例资料,旨在探讨RA-ILD的临床特点及影响因素,以实现对RA-ILD的早期评估和预测。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

纳入2020年1月~2024年12月期间在菏泽市立医院确诊的RA病例213例。纳入标准:(1) 符合2010年ACR/EULAR类风湿关节炎分类诊断标准系统[6];(2) 根据2022年美国胸科学会(ATS)联合欧洲呼吸学会(ERS)等多家学会首次发布的进行性肺纤维化管理指南[7],同时参照《2018中国结缔组织病相关间质性肺病诊断和专家共识》[8],ILD患者在HRCT有典型特征者;(3) 患者年龄 ≥ 18岁;(4) 临床资料完整。排除标准:(1) 伴其他结缔组织疾病者:如系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎等;(2) 合并重度心、肺、肝、肾功能不全者;(3) 伴其他肺部疾病者:如肺部感染、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、尘肺等;(4) 合并肿瘤病史者;(5) 病历资料严重不齐全者。

2.2. 研究方法

2.2.1. 病例资料采集

将符合纳入及排除标准的病人纳入本次研究,将上述收集到的病例根据HRCT检查结果分为单纯RA组(112例)、RA-ILD组(101例),收集以下数据:

(1) 一般资料:性别、年龄、病程、吸烟史、甲氨蝶呤用药史、糖皮质激素用药史、来氟米特用药史;

(2) 实验室检查:a) 免疫学指标:类风湿因子(Rheumatoid Factor, RF)、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白M、抗环瓜氨酸肽(Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide, CCP)抗体、补体C3、补体C4、抗核抗体(Antinuclear Antibody, ANA);b) 炎性指标:血沉(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR)、白介素-2 (Interleukin-2, IL-2)、白介素-4 (IL-4)、白介素-6 (IL-6)、白介素-10 (IL-10)、白介素-17A (IL-17A)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive Protein, CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α

2.2.2. 统计学方法

本研究数据分析采用SPSS27.0软件,计数资料以构成比(%)表示,组间差异通过卡方检验评估。对于计量资料,若数据符合正态分布且方差齐性,采用独立样本t检验,结果以均值 ± 标准差( χ ¯ ±s )表示;若不符合正态分布或方差不齐,则采用非参数秩和检验,结果以中位数及四分位数间距M (P25, P75)表示,当P值小于0.05时,表明差异具有统计学意义。随后,将这些具有显著差异的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,分析RA-ILD的独立影响因素。

3. 结果

3.1. 患者一般资料比较

两组患者在年龄、来氟米特用药史比较有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1

3.2. 患者实验室指标比较

两组患者在RF、抗CCP抗体、补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-17A、肿瘤坏死因子α比较有统计学意义(P < 0.05),补体C3、补体C4降低是RA-ILD的危险因素,其他指标升高是RA-ILD的危险因素;其余指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2

3.3. 多因素Logistic回归分析

对变量进行赋值:诊断:RA-ILD = 1,RA = 0;来氟米特用药史:是 = 1,否 = 0;其他变量:采用原始值。将组间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,见表3。由P < 0.05差别有统计学意义,年龄、抗CCP抗体、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2是RA-ILD的独立危险因素。

Table 1. Comparison of general information between the RA-ILD group and RA-only group

1. RA-ILD组与单纯RA组一般资料比较

RA-ILD组(101人)

RA组(112人)

t/Z/χ2

P

性别

48 (47.5%)

50 (44.6%)

0.178

0.673

53 (52.5%)

62 (55.4%)

吸烟史

26 (25.7%)

20 (17.9%)

1.950

0.163

75 (74.3%)

92 (82.1%)

年龄

66.55±8.76

59.76±13.32

4.439

0

病程

5 (1, 10)

8 (2, 16)

−1.856

0.063

甲氨蝶呤用药史

50 (49.5%)

70 (62.5%)

3.646

0.056

糖皮质激素用药史

57 (56.4%)

60 (53.6%)

0.176

0.675

来氟米特用药史

75 (74.3%)

67 (59.8%)

4.980

0.026

Table 2. Comparison of laboratory indicators between the RA-ILD group and the RA-only group

2. RA-ILD组与单纯RA组实验室指标比较

RA-ILD组(101人)

RA组(112人)

t/Z/χ2

P

RF (IU/ml)

320.00 (107.10, 574.00)

94.60 (31.70, 328.00)

−4.43

0

抗CCP抗体(U/ml)

461.20 (203.55, 501.00)

333.00 (49.18, 501.00)

−2.412

0.016

ANA阴性

39 (38.6%)

30 (26.8%)

3.877

0.275

1:100

25 (24.8%)

31 (27.7%)

1:320

27 (26.7%)

34 (30.4%)

1:1000

10 (9.9%)

17 (15.2%)

补体C3 (g/L)

1.11 ± 0.26

1.22 ± 0.26

−3.106

0.002

补体C4 (g/L)

0.22 (0.14, 0.28)

0.26 (0.20, 0.33)

−3.26

0.001

免疫球蛋白G (g/L)

13.89 (10.49, 16.91)

14.10 (10.60, 16.75)

−0.294

0.769

免疫球蛋白A (g/L)

3.36 (2.58, 4.47)

2.85 (1.94, 3.62)

−3.742

0

免疫球蛋白M (g/L)

1.35 (0.92, 1.94)

1.2 (0.88, 1.55)

−1.641

0.101

ESR (mm/h)

51.00 (31.00, 75.50)

44.00 (23.50, 74.00)

−0.827

0.408

CRP (mg/L)

27.40 (9.90, 56.70)

23.15 (7.23, 57.88)

−1.065

0.287

IL-2 (pg/ml)

3.05 (1.50, 6.55)

1.38 (1.00, 2.02)

−5.947

0

IL-4 (pg/ml)

3.68 (1.85, 7.37)

1.92 (1.25, 2.72)

−5.145

0

IL-6 (pg/ml)

16.87 (8.81, 38.13)

17.95 (6.60, 59.47)

−0.086

0.932

IL-10 (pg/ml)

7.98 (5.58, 19.71)

6.07 (3.99, 9.78)

−3.088

0.002

IL-17A (pg/ml)

3.63 (2.31, 6.52)

2.50 (1.71, 3.56)

−3.812

0

肿瘤坏死因子α (pg/ml)

3.40 (1.92, 6.86)

1.87 (1.42, 2.93)

4.663

0

Table 3. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis of RA-ILD and RA-only groups

3. RA-ILD组与单纯RA组多因素Logistic回归分析

因素

B

SE

Wald X2

P

OR (95% CI)

年龄

0.059

0.017

12.08

0.001

1.061 (1.026, 1.097)

来氟米特用药史

0.08

0.378

0.045

0.833

1.083 (0.516, 2.272)

抗CCP抗体

0.002

0.001

6.069

0.014

1.002 (1, 1.004)

RF

0

0

1.338

0.247

1 (1, 1.001)

补体C3

−0.93

0.758

1.505

0.22

0.394 (0.089, 1.744)

补体C4

−2.517

1.929

1.702

0.192

0.081 (0.002, 3.541)

免疫球蛋白A

0.417

0.138

9.112

0.003

1.518 (1.158, 1.99)

IL-2

0.173

0.079

4.817

0.028

1.189 (1.019, 1.388)

IL-4

0.009

0.019

0.23

0.632

1.009 (0.972, 1.048)

IL-10

−0.005

0.007

0.538

0.463

0.995 (0.98, 1.009)

IL-17A

0.112

0.063

3.151

0.076

1.118 (0.988, 1.265)

肿瘤坏死因子α

0.009

0.01

0.796

0.372

1.009 (0.99, 1.028)

4. 讨论

肺部受累是RA最常见关节外表现,呼吸系统疾病也是导致RA患者死亡率增加的主要原因之一,呼吸系统并发症是RA最为常见的关节外表现,同时也是导致RA患者死亡率上升的主要原因之一,占患者的30%~40% [9],其中ILD是RA患者最常见和最严重的肺部表现[2]。研究发现RA-ILD患者的死亡风险较单纯RA患者高2~10倍[4]。美国一项研究发现,RA-ILD患者的平均生存期仅约7.8年,明显低于单纯RA患者[10]。RA-ILD会显著降低患者生活质量,加重经济负担,并增加死亡风险。而RA-ILD早期临床症状和体征不明显,容易造成漏诊。随着病情进展,后期常伴随肺间质纤维化的发生,这一病理变化可能最终引发呼吸衰竭。目前大多数学者认为,男性、高龄、吸烟、高滴度RF、抗CCP抗体滴度升高是ILD发生的危险因素[11]

在我们的研究中发现,年龄、来氟米特用药史、RF、抗CCP抗体、补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-17A、肿瘤坏死因子α与RA-ILD的发生发展相关,年龄、抗CCP抗体、免疫球蛋白A、IL-2是RA-ILD的独立危险因素。年龄较大和RA-ILD相关的机制可能是随着年龄的增长,肺部发生生理变化,导致肺功能恶化,对疾病的易感性增加。同时,年龄较大伴随一些衰退,如炎症和免疫衰老,降低肺的再生能力并引发肺纤维化[12]。Lai N L等人的研究发现,RA-ILD患者的平均年龄高于单纯RA患者[13],这与我们的结论相一致。研究显示,抗CCP抗体对肺组织具有靶向识别性,当它作用于肺部时,会引发肺部的自身免疫反应,促使大量炎症因子释放。这些炎症因子的持续刺激会损害肺部的正常结构和功能,最终导致肺纤维化的发生[14]。一例荟萃分析发现RA-ILD的抗CCP抗体明显较高,这些结果在大多数研究中得到了多变量分析的证实[15],也与我们的研究结果相一致。免疫球蛋白A主要存在于黏膜表面,其水平升高提示黏膜局部免疫增强或者代偿性增高[16]。有研究表明RA-ILD患者的免疫球蛋白A和免疫球蛋白M型抗线粒体抗体水平高于其他RA患者[17] [18]。IL-2作为一种关键的细胞因子,参与机体的免疫调节过程,在RA-ILD中,IL-2水平的异常变化反映了免疫炎症反应的失衡。活化的T淋巴细胞分泌IL-2,IL-2能促进NK细胞活化,增加B细胞生成并分泌大量抗体,促进免疫应答[19]。这些自身抗体在肺组织中形成免疫复合物,激活补体系统,引发免疫炎症反应,导致肺泡上皮细胞和肺间质细胞的损伤,为肺纤维化的发生奠定基础。Cao S X等人的研究发现,与RA不伴有ILD患者和健康人群相比,RA-ILD中sCD25 (IL-2的多肽亚基之一)显著升高[20]。然而,国内外关于IL-2水平与RA-ILD关联性的研究仍较少,未来需要更大样本的前瞻性研究。研究表明,RF和免疫球蛋白结合生成免疫复合物,这类复合物不仅在关节处沉积,还可能在肺间质沉积,从而引发ILD [21],在一项马来西亚多民族队列研究中,RF阳性被确定为RA-ILD发展的独立预测因素[22],这表明RF可能参与了RA-ILD的发生和发展进程。然而,也有研究表达了不同的意见,聂艳聪等人的回顾性分析发现,RF在RA-ILD和RA组间比较无统计学意义[23]。我们的研究中发现RF在RA与RA-ILD组间比较有差异,但RF不是RA-ILD的独立影响因素,可能与纳入样本量偏小有关。关于来氟米特的应用目前仍存在争议。有研究指出,来氟米特有加速ILD病情进展的风险[24]。然而,近年来也有临床研究表明,RA-ILD患者在来氟米特治疗后有一定获益[25]。未来还需要进一步研究验证来氟米特对肺间质病变的影响。

本研究存在以下不足之处:研究样本量较小,仅基于单中心的研究数据,可能存在地域性差异,难以代表RA人群的广泛特征;采用回顾性研究,在选择纳入对象时可能受多种因素的影响,导致选择偏倚;未充分考虑临床相关因素对RA-ILD发展的影响,比如疾病严重程度、治疗方案的差异性等。下一步可扩大样本规模,开展多中心前瞻性研究,根据临床表现、HRCT、肺功能等综合表现对ILD病变进行严重程度分级,将治疗方案及相关药物的使用时间纳入分析,并监测患者的预后情况。在临床工作中,应及时监测患者的肺部表现,关注实验室指标变化,实现早期发现,早期治疗。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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