心房颤动与HP感染的相关性研究——Meta分析
Association between Atrial Fibrillation and Helicobacter pylori Infection—A Meta-Analysis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551374, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 苏倚婷, 陈冬冬:暨南大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州
关键词: 心房颤动幽门螺旋杆菌感染Meta分析Atrial Fibrillation Helicobacter pylori Infection Meta-Analysis
摘要: 目的:Meta分析系统评价心房颤动患者与幽门螺旋杆菌(HP)感染的相关性。方法:计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane等,检索时间限定为1999年1月~2024年1月,对纳入的病例对照研究进行数据提取及NOS量表评价,分析房颤患者与幽门螺旋杆菌感染是否存在相关性。结果:共检索到中英文文献177篇,12篇病例对照研究被纳入,3755例患者被纳入研究。纳入的12篇文献存在异质性(I2 = 66%, P = 0.0006),因此选择随机效应模型合并效应量,得到OR = 1.66 (95%CI: 1.21~2.28, Z = 3.16, P = 0.002),提示与非房颤组相比,房颤患者合并幽门螺旋杆菌感染的可能性更高。敏感性分析未考察出异质的来源。亚组分析提示亚洲、非洲地域的房颤患者合并HP感染可能性更高,而在欧美澳地区房颤与HP未见存在相关性。Begg检验提示发表偏倚较小。结论:在亚洲、非洲地区,HP感染会增加房颤的发生风险。
Abstract: Objective: This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the correlation between atrial fibrillation (AF) and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. Methods: Computerized searches were conducted in databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, with the search period limited from January 1999 to January 2024. Data were extracted from included case-control studies, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. The analysis aimed to determine whether an association exists between AF and HP infection. Results: A total of 177 Chinese and English articles were retrieved, with 12 case-control studies (involving 3,755 patients) included in the final analysis. The included studies exhibited heterogeneity (I² = 66%, P = 0.0006), so a random-effects model was used to pool effect sizes. The combined odds ratio (OR) was 1.66 (95%CI: 1.21~2.28, Z = 3.16, P = 0.002), indicating that AF patients had a significantly higher likelihood of HP infection compared to non-AF controls. Sensitivity analysis did not identify the source of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis suggested that AF patients in Asia and Africa had a higher probability of HP co-infection, whereas no significant correlation was found in Europe, America, or Australia. Begg’s test indicated minimal publication bias. Conclusion: In Asia and Africa, HP infection may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
文章引用:苏倚婷, 陈冬冬. 心房颤动与HP感染的相关性研究——Meta分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 324-334. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551374

1. 引言

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF)简称房颤,是临床上最常见的快速性心律失常[1],世界范围内的房颤患病率为1%~2% [2],我国房颤患病率约2.3% [3]。且随着年龄的增长,房颤的发病率也提升[4]。房颤明显增加患者心衰、栓塞、猝死、认知功能障碍与痴呆等风险[5],严重危害患者的健康。

目前人们付出了大量努力来了解房颤的病理生理学,然而该疾病的发病机制尚未确切清楚,多因素均可促进房颤的发生,如体重、吸烟、饮酒、年龄、甲状腺功能亢进、电解质紊乱、冠心病、风湿性心脏病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等[6]

A S Montenero [7]等人首次提出房颤与幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, HP)感染相关,即HP感染引起特异性全身抗体反应,介导心房结构的炎性变化,进而导致房颤的发生,之后有相关研究同意此观点[8] [9],但也有其他研究者对房颤与HP感染之间的相关性提出质疑[10] [11]。Yan J [12]等人进行一项Meta分析以探讨心律失常与幽门螺杆菌感染的关系,提出在亚洲和非洲,幽门螺杆菌感染是房颤的危险因素。然而Tetta C [13]等人的Meta分析结果却不认为幽门螺杆菌感染是房颤的危险因素。

因此,房颤与HP感染之间是否存在相关性尚无定论。为探讨这一问题,我们搜集房颤与HP感染相关性的临床试验进行Meta分析,为临床医生们对房颤患者的防治提供帮助与参考。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 检索策略

检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane,检索时间限定为1999年1月~2024年1月,以“心房颤动”、“幽门螺旋杆菌感染”为检索词,采取中英文主题词、自由词相结合的检索方式。

2.2. 文献纳入与排除标准

2.2.1. 纳入标准

(1) 研究对象:房颤患者且进行过抗HP抗体检测或呼气试验;(2) 文献类型:国内外公开发表的临床随机对照试验或病例对照试验类文;(3) 结局指标:HP感染(+)或(−)。

2.2.2. 排除标准

(1) 重复文献;(2) Meta分析文献;(3) 系统评价文献;(4) 动物试验文献;(5) 研究内容不吻合文献;(6) 无法获取原文、完整结果数据的文献;(7) 结局变量不吻合文献。

2.2.3. 数据提取及质量评价

两名研究者共同检索及筛选文献,若存在任何意见争议,则通过与第三名研究者讨论来解决。我们首先将检索所得文献导入EndNote软件,剔除重复、Meta分析、系统评价、动物试验、研究内容不吻合、无法获取原文及完整结果数据、结局变量不吻合的文献。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索流程

共检出相关文献177篇(CNKI 6篇、VIP 2篇、万方6篇、PubMed 128篇、Embase 128篇、Cochrane 4篇),剔除重复文献41篇,排除Meta分析、系统评价、动物实验共82篇,排除研究内容不吻合36篇,排除无法获取全文、完整结果数据及结局变量不吻合共6篇,最终参与Meta分析的文献数量为12篇,见图1

Figure 1. Flowchart of literature screening

1. 文献筛选流程图

3.2. 纳入文献的基本情况

12篇文献所纳入的病例数量从96例至1179例不等,共纳入3755例患者,其中房颤患者974例,非房颤患者2781例,如表1所示。

3.3. 质量评价

纳入文献均为病例对照研究,按照NOS量表评价纳入研究的偏移风险,纳入的12篇文献中,8篇研究得分为7颗星,3篇研究得分为8颗星,1篇研究得分为9颗星。均为6颗星以上,纳入研究质量较高,见表2

Table 1. Details of included studies

1. 纳入文献的基本情况

纳入研究

国家

样本总量

平均年龄(岁)

HP的检测方法

Lunetta 2008 [10]

Italy

房颤39

64

抗HP抗体

非房颤141

64

T. Jared 2008 [8]

America

房颤83

70.9 ± 9.5

抗HP抗体

非房颤660

63.9 ± 10.7

Hala 2006 [14]

Egypt

房颤82

62 ± 4

抗HP抗体

非房颤103

54 ± 6

Pyotr 2008 [15]

Sweden

房颤72

69.6

抗HP抗体

非房颤72

69.8

Mi-Ran 2010 [16]

Korea

房颤60

61 ± 2

抗HP抗体

非房颤36

50.64 ± 2.2

Katrin 2010 [11]

Australia

房颤57

抗HP抗体

非房颤1122

De-Zhao 2015 [9]

China

房颤285

63.8 ± 10.8

抗HP抗体

非房颤300

Francesco 2011 [17]

Italy

房颤17

呼气试验

非房颤87

王馨 2018 [18]

中国

房颤68

61.57 ± 8.9

呼气试验

非房颤53

58.81 ± 8.9

王龙2016 [19]

中国

房颤69

52.3 ± 10.0

呼气试验

非房颤100

白芳 2014 [20]

中国

房颤76

呼气试验

非房颤40

56.3 ± 11.2

张晓宇2007 [21]

中国

房颤66

抗HP抗体

非房颤67

53.03 ± 8.9

Table 2. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) assessment

2. NOS量表评价

纳入研究

Selection

Comparability

Outcome

总分

Lunetta 2008

★★★

★★★

7颗星

T. Jared 2008

★★★

★★★

7颗星

Hala 2006

★★★

★★

★★★

8颗星

Pyotr 2008

★★★★

★★★★

9颗星

Mi-Ran 2010

★★★

★★

★★

7颗星

Katrin 2010

★★★

★★★

7颗星

De-Zhao 2015

★★★★

★★★

8颗星

Francesco 2011

★★★★

★★★

8颗星

王馨2018

★★★

★★★

7颗星

王龙2016

★★★

★★★

7颗星

白芳2014

★★★

★★★

7颗星

张晓宇2007

★★★

★★★

7颗星

3.4. 异质性研究

本次研究的12篇文献,经过异质性检验,I2 = 66%,且Q检验的P = 0.0006,提示本次研究选择的文献之间的异质性具有统计学意义,更进一步考察拉贝图和星状图,提示有2篇文献存在异质性的可能性较强,如图2图3所示。

通过以上的图形分析,得出本次研究的文献之间存在中度异质性,既可以使用随机效应合并效应量,也可以探寻异质性的原因。

3.5. 随机效应合并效应量

图4所示,选择随机效应合并OR,最终得到OR = 1.66 (95%CI: 1.21~2.28),意味着房颤组的HP阳性事件为非房颤组的1.66倍,具有统计学意义(Z = 3.16, P = 0.002 < 0.05),提示房颤组的HP阳性事件较非房颤组多,且二者的HP阳性事件具有显著差异。

Figure 2. L’Abbe plot

2. 拉贝图

Figure 3. Radial plot

3. 星状图

Figure 4. Forest plot of the association between atrial fibrillation and H. pylori infection

4. 房颤与HP感染关系的森林图

3.6. 敏感性分析查找异质原因

对本研究纳入的12篇文献进行敏感性分析,发现没有任何一篇文献对异质性影响较大,如下图5所示,清晰说明了删除任何一篇文献都没有造成结果很大改变,因此敏感性分析没有考察出异质的来源。

3.7. 亚组分析

按照地域把研究分成5组,分别是欧洲组、美洲组、非洲组、亚洲组、澳洲组,以组别(地域)变量为协变量进行亚组分析,结果如图6所示。

1) 亚洲组的异质性(I2 = 68%, P = 0.008 < 0.1),具有统计学意义,但是仅仅只是轻中度异质,选择随机效应合并效应量,得出OR = 2.06 (95%CI: 1.30~3.28)。房颤组的HP阳性事件为非房颤组的2.06倍,且具有统计学意义(Z = 1.76, P = 0.002 < 0.05)。

2) 非洲组的OR = 2.73 (95%CI: 1.50~4.97)。房颤组的HP阳性事件为非房颤组的2.73倍,且具有统计学意义(P = 0.001 < 0.05)。

Figure 5. Sensitivity analysis of pooled estimates by sequentially excluding each study

5. 单项研究剔除对总效应量影响的敏感性分析图

Figure 6. Forest plot of the atrial fibrillation and H. pylori infection association stratified by geographic region

6. 不同地域的房颤与HP感染关系的森林图

3) 美洲组的OR = 1.53 (95%CI: 0.95~2.47),但不具有统计学意义(P = 0.08 > 0.05),房颤组的HP阳性事件为非房颤组的1.53倍,但这个程度够不上统计学意义,即从统计学的角度,房颤组与非房颤组的HP阳性事件无明显差异。

4) 欧洲组的异质性(I2 = 0%, P = 0.9 > 0.1),不具有统计学意义,不具有异质性,选择随机效应合并效应量,得出OR = 0.99 (95%CI: 0.63~1.55),且不具有统计学差异(Z = 0.04, P = 0.96 > 0.05)。即房颤组与非房颤组的HP阳性事件无明显差异性。

5) 澳洲组的OR = 1.14 (95%CI: 0.65~1.99),但不具有统计学意义(P = 0.64 > 0.05),房颤组的HP阳性事件为非房颤组的1.14倍,但这个程度够不上统计学意义,即从统计学的角度,房颤组与非房颤组的HP阳性事件无明显差异。

3.8. 偏倚检验

为了调查本研究中存在的潜在发表偏倚,纳入的研究包括使用Begg检验进行评估。如图7所示,双方的研究分布为对称,P = 0.945 > 0.05。因此,该荟萃分析不存在发表偏倚。

Figure 7. Begg plot

7. Begg图

4. 讨论

房颤是常见的心律失常,表现为心房电活动的无序化,即心房肌快速、不协调的颤动,导致心房有效收缩功能丧失[22]。心电图显示为不规则的基线波动(纤颤波)伴心室率绝对不齐[23]。由于心房与心室收缩不同步,心脏泵血效率降低,可能引发心力衰竭、血栓形成、卒中等风险的增加[24]。目前房颤的患病率在全球范围内逐年升高,且随着年龄的增长而增长,因此房颤的防治迫在眉睫[25]。近年来,房颤的发病机制研究已从传统的电生理异常扩展到系统性炎症和感染因素的探讨[26],其中有人提出房颤与幽门螺旋杆菌感染相关[7]

本次Meta分析整合纳入了12篇中英文文献,均为临床对照研究,3755例患者被纳入研究。本研究结果显示非房颤组相比,房颤患者合并幽门螺旋杆菌感染的可能性更高(OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.21~2.28, Z = 3.16, P = 0.002)。且亚组分析结果中提示亚洲、非洲地域的房颤患者合并HP感染可能性更高,而在欧美澳地区房颤与HP未见存在相关性,亚组分析结果与既往的Meta分析结果一致[12]。房颤与HP感染之间的相关性,存在地域差异性,可能与HP的发病存在地域差异性有关。且本Meta分析纳入文献的异质性中等,NOS评分总体较高,敏感性分析未考察出异质的来源。Begg检验提示发表偏倚较小,提示本Meta分析的结果可信。

幽门螺旋杆菌是全球范围内常见的慢性感染源,HP感染的发病率在全球范围内存在显著差异,在发展中国家中HP感染率较高,如非洲和部分亚洲地区的成人感染率可达60%~70% [27];而在发达国家中HP感染率较低,如美国整体患病率约为33% [28]。且HP感染率随年龄增长而上升,如我国的一项研究表明≥60岁人群感染率比<30岁人群高84.8% [29]

幽门螺旋杆菌感染可能通过炎症、氧化应激、免疫交叉、共病协同等多途径促进房颤发生。首先,幽门螺旋杆菌感染可引发胃黏膜局部炎症(如胃炎),刺激免疫系统产生高敏C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素-8等炎症标志物释放,导致了慢性炎症的发生,而慢性炎症可能通过激活心房纤维化通路促进电重构和结构重构,从而诱发房颤[30]。其次,HP感染可改变血清和组织中的锌、铁等微量元素水平,导致的锌缺乏可能削弱机体的抗氧化机制,进而引起心房的氧化应激损伤,从而促进了房颤的发生[31] [32]。再次,幽门螺杆菌会导致H+/K+-ATP酶自身抗体的产生增加,这会损害心房细胞,延迟心脏去极化,从而触发房颤[33]。最后,HP感染与血脂异常、糖尿病等代谢性疾病相关,这些疾病本身就是房颤的危险因素,可能通过胰岛素抵抗或脂肪调节失衡进一步促进房颤[34]

在临床中,房颤患者若出现消化不良、胃痛或上消化道出血等消化道症状,应优先考虑HP检测[30]。此外,HP感染可能通过系统性炎症、氧化、免疫等机制加重房颤风险,因此对不明原因房颤患者可筛查HP。目前HP感染的检测方法分为侵入性检测和非侵入性检测,主要有胃镜活检、快速尿素酶试验、呼气试验、粪便抗原检测、抗HP抗体检测等[35]。HP的检测方法优先选择非侵入性检测:呼气试验通过检测呼气中标记的二氧化碳判断感染,适用于大规模筛查或随访[36];粪便抗原检测,检测粪便中的HP抗原,操作简便,适用于儿童和成人,可区分现症感染和既往感染[37];抗HP抗体检测,无法区分现症感染和既往感染,抗体可能持续阳性数月[38]。因此,目前推崇进行呼气试验或粪便抗原检测诊断HP感染。

本研究发现,HP感染会增加房颤的发生风险,与炎症、氧化应激、免疫交叉、共病协同等机制相关,揭示着HP感染的检测与根除治疗的重要性。当前证据主要来自观察性研究,仍需更多前瞻性队列研究和机制研究明确因果关系,为临床医生提供帮助与指导。

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