IL-1β、IL-6在CAG、pSS中的研究进展
Research Advances on IL-1β and IL-6 in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551387, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 高 润:西安医学院第一附属医院消化内科,陕西 西安;西安医学院研工部,陕西 西安;刘凯歌*:西安医学院第一附属医院消化内科,陕西 西安
关键词: 慢性萎缩性胃炎原发性干燥综合征IL-1βIL-6研究进展Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome IL-1β IL-6 Research Progress
摘要: 慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis, CAG)以胃黏膜固有腺体萎缩为主要特征,是消化系统的常见病、多发病。原发性干燥综合症(primary sjogren syndrome, pSS)是一种主要累及外分泌腺体的自身免疫性疾病,约80%的pSS并发CAG,提示CAG与pSS的发病可能具有同源性。本文从细胞因子(cytokine, CK)方面寻找突破口,就CAG、pSS中主要失调的CK——白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素6 (IL-6)作一综述,揭示每种CK与疾病的相关性及在疾病中的作用,旨在为CAG及pSS并发CAG的发生机制提供新思路。
Abstract: Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), characterized by atrophy of the gastric mucosal intrinsic glands, is a common and frequently occurring disease of the digestive system. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disorder primarily affecting exocrine glands, and approximately 80% of pSS patients are complicated with CAG, suggesting a potential shared pathogenesis between CAG and pSS. This review explores cytokines (CKs) as a breakthrough point, focusing on the predominantly dysregulated CKs in CAG and pSS—interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). It elucidates the correlation of each cytokine with these diseases and their roles in disease progression, aiming to provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying CAG and its comorbidity with pSS.
文章引用:高润, 刘凯歌. IL-1β、IL-6在CAG、pSS中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 411-417. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551387

1. pSS并发CAG的研究进展

CAG是以胃黏膜固有腺体萎缩,或伴肠上皮化生及异型增生为病理特征的一种慢性消化系统疾病。近年来CAG患病率逐年上升,且具有年轻化趋势,一项meta分析表明,CAG的全球患病率为33%,其中,胃癌高发国家显著高于胃癌低发国家(42%比23%) [1]。我国一项多中心研究发现,CAG的发生率在镜下为17.1%,病理为25.8%;其中胃肠化生(GIM)占23.6% [2]。Correa模型提示CAG是一种胃癌前状态,是胃癌发生的高危因素,CAG和GIM发生胃癌的风险值分别为4.5和6.2倍[3],年癌变率分别为1.8%和10% [4]。然而,其发病机制尚不清楚,临床表现无特异性,诊断主要依靠病理检查,病理是诊断CAG的金标准,但其准确度严重依赖于内镜医师对CAG的认识及其胃黏膜活检技术水平,且常常由于活检数量不足或部位不合适导致准确度降低[5],导致了其治疗的局限性。

pSS是以外分泌腺体淋巴细胞浸润导致其分泌功能障碍为主要特点的慢性自身免疫性疾病,多种免疫细胞及免疫因子参与其发病,主要累及泪腺和唾液腺,临床多表现为口、眼干燥。因为较多的外分泌腺与胃肠道相关,因此pSS可累及胃肠道的任何部位,呈现胃肠道分泌功能障碍的表现。一项对48例pSS患者的研究[6]表明,其中有消化系统症状者37例,占77.1%,以消化系统损害为首发症状者6例,占12.5%。另一项对pSS期间腹部症状的研究[7]发现,pSS患者的腹部主诉频率很高,且腹部不适是pSS患者生活质量受损的一个来源,但在pSS期间很少有腹部疾病的报道,可能是被低估了。朱春兰[8]等人对pSS胃黏膜病理特点进行分析,提示pSS胃损害以CAG为主,CAG的患病率高达77.8%,远远高于正常人群。一项针对老年干燥综合征(sjogren syndrome, SS)患者消化系统表现的研究,表明SS患者胃镜检查以萎缩性胃炎居多(70%),与国内陈寿坡等人研究结果(70.5%)相一致[9]。pSS累及胃部症状主要表现为上腹部不适、疼痛、恶心、呕吐等消化不良症状,胃镜下可有慢性浅表性、肥厚性和萎缩性胃炎的不同特征性改变,而以后者发病居多,胃黏膜活检的组织学表现主要为炎性细胞浸润的慢性炎症与胃黏膜固有腺体萎缩[10]。然而,国内外对于pSS并发胃损害的表型研究较多,对其出现胃粘膜病变、促进胃受累机制及早期胃受累预测因子仍不明朗。

随着分子生物学及免疫学的不断发展,CAG发生发展过程中的微观机制越来越被研究者所关注。大量研究表明,长期的慢性炎症状态是CAG发生发展的重要因素,慢性炎症细胞浸润是其本质[11]。长期慢性炎症,造成免疫细胞激活并持续释放各种CK,其具有细胞间信号传递、调节细胞功能、参与炎症反应等作用,可依据结构和功能分为白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)、集落刺激因子(colony stimulating factor, CSF)、干扰素(interferons, IFN)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)、生长因子(growth factor, GF)和趋化因子等类型。本文就CAG中主要失调的CK——IL-1β、IL-6做一综述,旨在为探究CAG的发病机制、诊断方法及开发靶向药物提供新思路。

2. CK在CAG、pSS中的表达

2.1. 白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)

IL-1β是一种典型的促炎性细胞因子,通过与其受体IL-1R1结合发挥生物学作用。少量的IL-1β产生适当的炎症应答从而激活特异性免疫反应,起到免疫监视作用,而大量的IL-1β会引起广泛的炎症反应,导致炎性损伤[12]。IL-1β是反映机体炎性状态的有效指标[13],积极分析IL-1β与CAG的相关性有望为其早期诊治提供参考[14]

2.1.1. IL-1β与CAG密切相关

IL-1β在慢性胃炎的转归和发展中具有较高的预测价值[15]。马祥雨等人研究[16]发现,CAG患者血清IL-1β呈明显高表达,且与CAG患者病变程度密切相关。有关基因多态性的研究[17]-[19]表明,IL-1β基因多态性有助于CAG的发展,且是CAG的危险标志。于春月等人研究[20]发现,在慢性胃炎“炎–癌转化”过程中,IL-1β和IL-6水平在正常→慢性非萎缩性胃炎→CAG→胃癌癌前病变(PLGC)发展过程中逐渐升高,在PLGC阶段最高,GC阶段表达水平明显下降,表明IL-1β和IL-6与慢性胃炎“炎–癌转化”疾病进展密切相关。张德志等人研究[21]发现,血清IL-8和IL-1β在胃癌发展过程中也呈升高趋势,与胃癌生长、浸润及转移明显相关。胃肿瘤中IL-1β表达升高与全身炎症和总生存率降低有关[22]。大量有关药物对CAG大鼠模型治疗效果及作用机制的研究[23]-[27]均可发现,IL-1β在模型组中高表达,经药物治疗后,胃黏膜表现明显被改善的同时,IL-1β水平下降,表明抑制IL-1β的表达可能对CAG具有保护作用。

2.1.2. IL-1β对CAG潜在贡献

IL-1β是一种典型的促炎因子,可通过诱导COX-2、IL-6等其他炎性因子的表达,从而激活免疫细胞产生更多的IL-1β,参与炎症反应[28]。IL-1β是目前发现的最强的胃酸分泌抑制剂,过表达的IL-1β可抑制胃酸分泌,也可通过调控初级纤毛释放GLI2抑制胃泌素分泌[29],促进萎缩的发生发展。越来越多的数据表明,髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)可以抑制肿瘤免疫、抵抗免疫治疗、促进肿瘤血管生成和转移[30] [31],IL-1β可通过募集并激活MDSCs诱导小鼠胃炎症和肿瘤[32]。Sonic Hedgehog被认为是胃腺器官发生和分化的关键因素[33],IL-1β通过抑制酸分泌和钙释放来抑制壁细胞Sonic Hedgehog基因的表达,进而诱导胃萎缩[34]。黏膜IL-1β可诱导胃黏膜微生物群的改变,进而导致胃癌的发生[35],研究发现[36] IL-1β可通过协同Hp感染参与胃癌的发生,在IL-1β-31CC/-511TT基因型患者中,幽门螺杆菌相关的萎缩性胃炎比幽门螺杆菌阴性的萎缩性胃炎更为恶性[37],IL-1β可抑制胃酸分泌,导致胃液pH上升,而更高的胃液pH值,Hp感染率更高[38]。IL-1β也可能通过调节Fas抗原表达而使细胞凋亡与增殖平衡失调[39],对于细胞焦亡的调控也可能是其参与CAG发生发展的机制之一[40]

2.1.3. pSS存在IL-1β升高

大量研究证实,pSS中存在IL-1β升高[41]-[43],IL-1β能够促进唾液腺细胞合成基质金属蛋白酶,导致腺体结构的破坏;也与淋巴细胞浸润存在正反馈,导致炎症反应持续发展,腺体持续破坏[44]

2.2. 白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)

IL-6是一种可由多种细胞产生的多功能促炎细胞因子[45],在免疫调节、炎症反应和肿瘤发生发展中起着至关重要的作用。在感染或损伤时,IL-6迅速释放,在宿主防御应激和创伤时发挥保护作用;但IL-6持续分泌失调则会导致一种被称为“细胞因子风暴”的急性、严重的全身炎症[46],并引起慢性炎症性疾病的发展。

2.2.1. IL-6与CAG密切相关

研究[47]发现,IL-6等在萎缩性胃炎形成过程中起重要的先导作用。CAG患者胃黏膜IL-6可用于评估胃黏膜损伤的严重程度[48],其表达水平与胃黏膜病变程度有关[49],提示其可能起到促进萎缩性胃炎发展的作用。Hp感染导致LncRNA-LINC00659表达上调,通过调节PTBP1表达,促进胃炎向癌症的发展,敲低LINC00659可显著降低Hp诱导的人胃上皮细胞衰老,同时也抑制IL-6和IL-8的分泌[50],证实了IL-6与慢性胃炎“炎–癌转化”疾病进展密切相关[20]。一项有关祖国医学的研究[51]表明,针灸治疗能显著下调IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子含量表达,且IL-6在针刺组中的含量表达低于艾灸组,这提示IL-6的异常高表达可能是CAG的发病原因之一,IL-6是治疗CAG的关键靶点[24],靶向抑制IL-6在CAG中的过表达或许会取得较好的治疗效果。此外,研究[52]表明,CAG促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6)明显升高,且与CAG预后呈负相关,其机制可能是M1/M2巨噬细胞极化障碍,导致促炎/抗炎因子表达失衡,而影响CAG的预后。

2.2.2. IL-6对CAG可能机制

IL-6可诱导T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞分化,从而增强单核细胞及自然杀伤(NK)细胞的杀伤功能,参与机体炎性反应和一系列病理生理过程。IL-6可诱导中性粒细胞为主的炎症细胞在局部聚积,引起粒细胞呼吸爆发,生成活性氧,造成组织炎症;活化的中性粒细胞又可分泌IL-6、IL-8、IL-1、TNF-α等细胞因子,构成复杂的细胞网络,共同参与胃黏膜炎症损伤[53] [54];还可促进一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达,产生NO及超氧负离子 O 2 ,参与胃黏膜的炎症反应[47]。IL-6也能诱导COX-2的高表达[55],提高COX-2活性,刺激分泌前列腺素,加速炎症[56]。在IL-6参与下,部分肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)如TNF-α可诱导凝血酶形成,使上皮细胞表面由抗凝转为促凝,导致因微血栓形成而引起的胃黏膜血液循环障碍,从而大大削弱胃黏膜的防御修复机制[57]。IL-6/STAT3通路诱导铁调素升高,诱导铁凋亡和抑制铁吸收,参与CAG损伤[58]。研究表明[59],IL-6也可通过刺激JAK-STA 3-VEGF-C信号通路,促进胃癌细胞的增殖、侵袭。

2.2.3. pSS导致IL-6升高

大量研究表明,在pSS患者的唾液、血清等均可发现高水平的IL-6 [60] [61],且其与患者ESR、CRP及IgG等指标相关,与疾病活动程度密切相关[62]

3. 总结与展望

综上所述,IL-1β、IL-6可能参与pSS并发CAG的发生发展过程,但目前尚未发现相关研究,故需要开展临床研究证实。深入研究IL-1β、IL-6等细胞因子与pSS并发CAG的相关性及其免疫–炎症机制,或许能发现pSS并发CAG的发生节点及治疗靶点。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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