利妥昔单抗治疗儿童激素依赖型肾病综合征的研究进展
Research Progress on Rituximab in the Treatment of Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551394, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈刘同, 李 秋*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院肾脏内科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童代谢与炎症性疾病重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 原发性肾病综合征儿童激素依赖利妥昔单抗Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Child Steroid-Dependent Rituximab
摘要: 原发性肾病综合征(primary nephrotic syndrome, PNS)是儿童最为常见的肾小球疾病之一。大多数PNS患儿对糖皮质激素治疗反应良好,但仍有超过四分之一的患儿会进展为激素依赖型肾病综合征(steroid-dependent NS, SDNS),如何选用有效的治疗方案仍是目前临床治疗的难点之一。利妥昔单抗(RTX)应用于治疗儿童SDNS已取得良好的疗效,但各个中心对RTX治疗方案的选择各不相同,疗效亦有差异。本文旨在对RTX治疗儿童SDNS的有效性、安全性等方面进行综述。
Abstract: Primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is one of the most prevalent glomerular disorders in children. While the majority of pediatric PNS patients exhibit favorable responses to glucocorticoid therapy, over one-quarter progress to steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS), posing significant challenges in clinical management. Rituximab (RTX) has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating pediatric SDNS, though significant variations exist in therapeutic protocols across different medical centers, resulting in divergent clinical outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety profile of RTX in the management of childhood SDNS.
文章引用:陈刘同, 李秋. 利妥昔单抗治疗儿童激素依赖型肾病综合征的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 466-472. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551394

1. 引言

肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome, NS)是由肾小球滤过屏障功能障碍引发的以病理性蛋白尿为核心特征的临床症候群,其病理基础涉及电荷屏障和分子筛结构异常,导致血浆蛋白(主要为白蛋白)异常渗漏至尿液中。该疾病以四大核心诊断标准为特征:大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、水肿及高脂血症[1] [2]。近年研究表明,其发病机制可能与免疫调节失衡密切相关,包括T淋巴细胞亚群功能失调及B淋巴细胞异常分泌针对足细胞关键结构蛋白的自身抗体,进而破坏肾小球滤过膜完整性[3] [4]。流行病学数据显示,NS存在显著种族异质性,儿童群体年发病率约为2~2.3/10万,总患病率约16/10万[5] [6]。其中原发性肾病综合征(primary nephrotic syndrome, PNS)占儿童肾小球疾病的90%以上,是儿科肾脏病领域的重点防治对象。值得注意的是,PNS具有反复发作的临床特点,多次复发可诱发局灶节段性肾小球硬化等不可逆性肾损伤,严重影响患儿体格发育,并显著增加终末期肾病风险。这一慢性病程不仅导致患儿生活质量下降,更造成家庭医疗支出激增及社会公共卫生资源压力[2] [7]

对于原发性肾病综合征,自20世纪50年代以来,口服糖皮质激素(以下简称激素)一直是公认的一线治疗方案。约80%的PNS患儿经过初始激素治疗可获完全缓解,但有约80%~90%的患儿在治疗中会发生复发[8]-[10]。连续2次激素减量或停药2周以内复发被定义为激素依赖(steroid-dependent NS, SDNS)。其中,超过25%的PNS患儿会出现频复发或激素依赖[6] [11]。对于上述情况,国际、国内的指南均推荐加用环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide, CTX)、他克莫司(Tacrolimus, TAC)或霉酚酸酯(Mycophenolate mofetil, MMF)等免疫抑制剂进行治疗[11]-[15]。然而,仍有约10%~20%的SDNS患儿在接受这些免疫抑制剂后出现疾病的复发或激素依赖。对于这些患儿,指南推荐可以在上述治疗的基础上,加用利妥昔单抗(Rituxan, RTX) [11] [15]

RTX是一种基因工程嵌合人/鼠单克隆抗体,能靶向清除CD20+B淋巴细胞,调节免疫系统,减少导致肾小球损伤的免疫因素,从而维持病情缓解,减少复发[16]。虽然尽管在大部分国家,RTX用于治疗儿童SDNS均为超说明书用药,但多项研究已证实RTX对于儿童SDNS的有效性与安全性[12] [13] [16]-[21]。然而,有相关研究表明,RTX作为单一疗法预防SDNS复发的疗效是短暂的,大多数患儿疾病的复发风险会随着输注RTX后时间的延长而增加,部分患儿的复发与B细胞的恢复有关[22]。由于国际、国内对于RTX治疗儿童SDNS的最佳治疗方案尚未达成明确共识,本文就RTX治疗儿童SDNS的研究进展进行综述。

2. RTX治疗儿童SDNS的作用机制

2.1. B细胞清除与自身抗体生成抑制

RTX是一种人鼠嵌合型抗CD20单克隆抗体,通过特异性结合B细胞表面的CD20抗原,诱导B细胞耗竭,从而减少致病性自身抗体的产生。Ravani等[20]报道了RTX对于SDNS患儿在维持疾病患儿方面的疗效,研究发现输注RTX的患儿在3月内CD20+细胞计数降低至<1%,CD20+细胞重建的平均时间为5.8个月。这一过程可能涉及多种生物学效应:(1) 直接诱导细胞凋亡信号通路激活[23];(2) 通过补体依赖性细胞毒性和抗体依赖性细胞毒性介导B细胞裂解,其中自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和巨噬细胞参与清除被标记的B细胞[24]

2.2. 调节免疫失衡与促进免疫耐受

同时,通过清除异常活化的B细胞,RTX可间接影响T细胞功能[25]。B细胞作为抗原呈递细胞,其减少可抑制T细胞的异常活化,打破T/B细胞协同作用的恶性循环[26]。此外,B细胞重建过程中调节性B细胞比例可能升高,这类细胞通过分泌IL-10等细胞因子促进免疫耐受,减少肾病综合征复发[27]

3. RTX治疗儿童SDNS的有效性

近年来,随着RTX已越来越多地应用于儿童SDNS的治疗,关于RTX治疗儿童SDNS的有效性和(或)安全性方面的高质量研究亦越来越多。

3.1. 单独使用RTX对SDNS患儿的疗效

Iijima等[16]于2014年报道了RTX用于治疗FRNS/SDNS患儿的有效性,该RTX研究将48名患儿随机分为RTX组(n = 24)与安慰剂组(n = 24),结果显示RTX组的中位无复发时间显著高于安慰机组(267天VS 101天,P < 0.0001),证明利妥昔单抗是一种有效且安全的治疗FRNS/SDNS患儿的重要手段。Ravani等[20]于2015年进行相关RCT研究,该研究将RTX与激素的疗效进行对比,纳入30例SDNS患儿,随机分为RTX组(n = 15)与激素组(n = 15),结果显示激素组中除了一名儿童外,其余儿童均在6个月内复发,而RTX组的复发时间中位数为18个月(95% CI: 9~32月),差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。随后,Ravani等[28]于2020年的RCT研究再次报告了RTX与激素在低剂量SDNS患儿中的疗效,该研究共纳入30例低剂量依赖的SDNS的患儿,随机分为激素组(n = 15)和RTX组(n = 15),研究结果显示在RTX组在随访1年时仍有13名患儿(87%)维持缓解,而对照组在随访6月时就有14名患儿复发,差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Basu等[18]于2018年进行了RCT研究,共有120名患儿随机分为RTX组和TAC组,结果提示RTX组的随访12月内无复发生存率显著高于TAC组(90.0% VS 63.3%, P < 0.001),RTX组首次复发的中位时间为40周,而TAC组为29周。Ravani等[29]于2021年报道了RTX与低剂量MMF在SDNS患儿中的疗效,该RCT研究将患儿随机分为RTX组(n = 15)与MMF组(n = 15),结果显示在随访1年内MMF组有12名患儿复发,而RTX组仅有2名,两组患儿在复发风险上的差异均具有统计学意义(P = 0.008)。还有Kari等[30]的RCT研究于2020年报道了RTX用于治疗FRNS/SDNS患儿的疗效不劣于环磷酰胺(1年无复发生存率:84.2% VS 58.6%,P = 0.151)。此外,Zhu Y [31]、Chang D [32]以及Ang [33]等多篇系统评价亦报道了RTX对于儿童SDNS的有效性。

根据上述研究,我们可以发现,对于SDNS患儿,RTX能有效降低其疾病复发率、帮助激素减量,是一种有效且安全的治疗方案。

3.2. RTX联合其他免疫抑制剂对SDNS患儿的疗效

不少研究发现,在输注RTX后使用其他免疫抑制剂进行维持治疗,相比单独输注RTX,能更好地维持疾病缓解。Ito等[34]于2011年对SDNS患儿进行前瞻性研究,该研究纳入了9例输注RTX使用MMF的患儿和7例仅输注RTX的患儿,结果发现加用MMF进行维持治疗的患儿在1年内的复发率明显低于对照组(0.4次/年VS 2.3次/年,P < 0.005)。Fujinaga等[35]于2013年报道了输注RTX后分别使用CsA与MMF进行维持治疗的疗效对比,该前瞻性研究将重度激素依赖的SDNS患儿分为CsA组(n = 13)和MMF组(n = 16),结果发现MMF组的治疗失败率高于CsA组(7/16 VS 2/13),CsA组持续缓解率高于MMF组(P < 0.05),提示在重度激素依赖性NS患儿中,CsA在单次输注RTX后用于维持治疗的效果似乎比MMF更好。Fujinaga等[36]于2017年报道了对于SDNS患儿使用RTX后的复发预测因素,该研究回顾性分析了43例SDNS患儿在输注RTX后,分别使用激素、MMF、CsA等治疗,结果发现输注RTX后使用MMF进行维持治疗是疾病首次复发的唯一预测危险因素(HR = 2.75, P = 0.027)。IiJima等[37]于2022年发表的RCT研究报道了输注RTX后使用MMF维持治疗的效果,该研究随机将患儿分为MMF组(n = 39)和安慰组(n = 39),结果提示RTX联合MMF治疗可以有效预防治疗失败且耐受性良好。Basu等[38]于2023年报道了对于SDNS患儿,单独使用RTX的在预防疾病复发的疗效优于TAC,在进一步的研究发现,与RTX单药治疗相比,使用MMF联合治疗可显著提高患儿2年内的无复发生存率(67% VS 9%, P < 0.0001)。此外,Chan [22]等于2020年发表的一篇多中心回顾性研究亦给出了相比使用免疫抑制剂进行维持治疗,接受低剂量RTX治疗且无维持免疫抑制的患儿无复发生存期最短。

由此,我们可以看出,对于SDNS患儿,尤其是那些对于激素重度依赖、频繁复发、以及对多种药物依赖的NS患儿,在RTX输注后使用其他免疫抑制剂联合治疗,可以更好地降低疾病复发频率,延长缓解时间,帮助激素减量。

4. RTX治疗儿童SDNS的安全性

目前,RTX越来越多地应用于治疗儿童SDNS,而且很少有研究报道其严重不良反应[39]。多个国家,如韩国的Ahn等[17]、印度的Mathew等[40]、日本的Iijima等[16]研究结果均显示,使用RTX治疗儿童SDNS不会增加不良事件发生率。

基于国际、国内多个研究团队相关文献报道,RTX在儿童SDNS群体中的安全性特征已得到系统性评估。输注相关反应作为该生物制剂最常见的不良事件,多集中于初发阶段(首次输注周期),临床表现涵盖发热、皮疹、消化道症状(如恶心、呕吐、腹痛)等[39] [41] [42]。值得关注的是,有少数患儿可能合并血液学异常(中性粒细胞减少)或免疫学紊乱(低IgG血症、血清病样反应)。值得注意的是,Athni等[43]通过前瞻性队列研究证实,RTX诱导B淋巴细胞耗竭可能导致体液免疫功能受损,进而增加肾病综合征患儿继发性免疫缺陷及机会性感染风险,故推荐实施动态免疫监测(包括血清免疫球蛋白定量及CD19 + B细胞亚群检测)以优化治疗安全窗。在特殊并发症方面,现有部分文献报道了[34] [42] [44]免疫介导的重症肝炎及疫苗应答减弱等事件,但发生率较低,远期并发症如溃疡性结肠炎及进行性多灶性脑白质病尚未见明确关联性报道。此外,还有相关研究报道[44] [45],输注RTX的患儿,乙肝病毒再活化的风险较高,故治疗前必须完善乙型肝炎病毒血清学标志物筛查(HBsAg、抗-HBs等),对于血清抗体阴性者建议优先完成乙肝疫苗序贯接种后再行RTX治疗。

总之,现有研究证据表明,RTX在儿童SDNS中的不良事件总体发生率较低,但临床应用中仍需建立系统的风险防控体系,包括治疗前基线评估、输注过程实时监测及治疗后长期随访,以实现早期识别与精准干预的临床目标。

5. 小结

RTX已被纳入儿童SDNS的治疗指南并展现显著临床优势。相关研究表明,该生物制剂通过靶向清除CD20+B淋巴细胞,可显著降低糖皮质激素及钙调磷酸酶抑制剂等传统免疫抑制剂的累积暴露量,有效缓解相关代谢紊乱、感染风险及器官毒性等药物不良反应。更为重要的是,RTX治疗可助力实现激素减停的临床目标,同时延长SDNS患儿的无复发生存率,显著降低年复发率,从而改善患儿的生长发育及长期预后。

由于SDNS患儿的临床表现存在显著差异,RTX的治疗方案亦需基于疾病表型、药物反应特征及生物标志物进行个体化制定。对于单纯激素依赖型的NS患儿,标准剂量的RTX治疗(375 mg/m2/次)即可有效重建B细胞介导的免疫耐受,减少激素用量并延长缓解期。对于多药依赖的患儿(指对激素及其他免疫抑制剂依赖),可选用短期内连续多次输注RTX的强化治疗方案(如375 mg/m²每周1次 × 4次),同时联合原有免疫抑制剂逐步减量,但需注意密切监测CD19+B细胞重建及感染风险。对于频繁复发的SDNS患儿,建议在首次输注RTX后,根据CD19+细胞计数及临床复发迹象进行个体化再治疗,从而最大程度降低累积药物暴露量。

然而,仍有若干临床相关的关键问题亟待解决:① 治疗参数尚未标准化,包括最佳单次输注剂量、输注间隔周期以及联合用药方案;② 远期安全性数据有限,特别是对免疫重建延迟、内分泌系统影响及恶性肿瘤潜在风险的追踪不足;③ 病理机制研究滞后,现有治疗仍以免疫调节为主导策略,而针对足细胞损伤修复、遗传易感基因调控等病因学靶点的根治性干预手段尚未突破。因此,亟需开展大样本量、长期随访的多中心注册研究,并通过多组学技术深入解析原发性肾病综合征的分子病理网络,以推动疾病治疗的研发进程。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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