下肢深静脉血栓形成的腔内治疗进展
Advances in Endovascular Treatment for Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Extremities
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551395, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈虞汾*, 彭 杰:赣南医科大学第一临床医学院,江西 赣州;刘建平#:赣南医科大学第一附属医院血管外科,江西 赣州
关键词: 下肢深静脉血栓形成机械血栓清除术导管溶栓腔内治疗Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Endovascular Treatment
摘要: 静脉血栓栓塞是全球重大公共卫生问题之一,下肢深静脉血栓形成是静脉血栓栓塞的主要表现,发病率在逐年上升。抗凝治疗是下肢深静脉血栓形成的基础治疗方案,但具有一定的局限性。腔内治疗因其创伤小、恢复快、疗效确切等优点在临床得以广泛应用。本文综述了近年来下肢深静脉血栓形成的腔内治疗进展,包括导管溶栓治疗、下腔静脉滤器植入术、人工抽吸血栓清除术、经皮机械血栓清除术以及多种介入治疗的联合应用,分析了各治疗方法的特点、优势及不足,以期为下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的临床治疗决策提供一定的理论依据。
Abstract: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant global public health challenge. Lower extremities deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) represents the predominant manifestation of VTE, with its incidence demonstrating a progressive annual increase. While anticoagulation therapy remains the cornerstone treatment for DVT, it exhibits inherent therapeutic limitations. Endovascular interventions have gained widespread clinical adoption owing to their advantages of minimal invasiveness, rapid recovery, and well-established therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review examines recent advancements in endovascular management of DVT, encompassing catheter-directed thrombolysis, inferior vena cava filter placement, manual aspiration thrombectomy, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, and combined interventional strategies. Through systematic analysis of technical characteristics, clinical merits, and procedural constraints associated with each modality, this synthesis aims to establish an evidence-based framework to inform optimal clinical decision-making for DVT management.
文章引用:陈虞汾, 彭杰, 刘建平. 下肢深静脉血栓形成的腔内治疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 473-478. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551395

1. 引言

静脉血栓栓塞(Venous thromboembolism, VTE)是全球重大公共卫生问题之一,每年大约有1000万患者受VTE的困扰,是仅次于急性心肌梗死和中风的第三大血管疾病[1]。急性VTE的发生率随着年龄的增长而不断提高,全球发病率约为1‰~2‰,其中高收入国家VTE的发病率是低收入国家的4倍[1] [2],对社会和经济造成了沉重的负担,据统计欧洲每年与VTE相关的卫生支出约为15~33亿欧元,美国约为70~100亿美元[3] [4]。VTE通常表现为深静脉血栓形成(Deep vein thrombosis, DVT)和肺栓塞(Pulmonary embolism, PE)。各种因素如血管内膜损伤、血流缓慢以及血液高凝状态等协同作用,共同导致的深静脉内血液的异常凝固称为DVT,其中DVT多发生在下肢,也被称为下肢深静脉血栓形成(Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, LEDVT)。

LEDVT导致静脉部分或全部阻塞,下肢静脉回流受阻,从而出现局部肿痛、皮肤张力升高、功能障碍,甚至影响动脉血供,导致远端肢体的缺血坏死,其常见发生部位包括股静脉、腘静脉及髂静脉等。近年来,随着久坐的生活方式、肿瘤发病率上升及人口老龄化的发展,LEDVT的发病率呈逐年升高趋势,预计全球发病率约为88~112/百万人[5]。根据发病时间的不同,LEDVT可以分为急性期、亚急性期和慢性期。急性期发病时间7~14天,以突发下肢肿胀、疼痛、皮温升高为主要表现,严重者可出现“股青肿”;亚急性期发病时间15~30天,急性症状已得到部分缓解,但血栓尚未完全机化;慢性期发病时间超过30天,此时血栓已经机化,但可能遗留静脉瓣膜功能不全,导致血栓后综合征(Post-thrombotic syndrome, PTS)的发生,表现为局部的慢性水肿、皮肤色素沉着以及下肢反复发作的静脉性溃疡,严重影响患者生活质量。局部肌肉挤压等原因可以使深静脉血栓脱落,沿血流到达肺动脉后可以导致PE的发生,表现为胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难甚至休克、死亡[6]

抗凝治疗是LEDVT的基础治疗方案,常用药物包括低分子肝素、华法林及利伐沙班等。研究发现,抗凝治疗在降低LEDVT复发、预防PE发生及血栓蔓延的同时,还能降低下肢深静脉PTS的发生[7]。但是单纯抗凝治疗只能抑制血栓的进一步形成,无法溶解已形成的血栓,而且长期抗凝可能诱导消化道出血和颅内出血的发生,研究发现约20%~50%采用单纯抗凝治疗的LEDVT患者可能会发生PTS [8]。对于急性期血栓负荷较重的LEDVT患者,单纯抗凝治疗难以迅速缓解症状,需要寻找更有效的治疗方法来弥补抗凝治疗的不足。腔内治疗具有创伤小、恢复快、血栓清除率高等优点,通过血管腔内介入方法直接作用于血栓,有效改善了患者的症状,降低了并发症的发生率,目前已被广泛应用于LEDVT的临床治疗中。本文对近年来LEDVT的腔内治疗进展进行综述,以期为LEDVT临床决策的优化提供一定的理论依据。

2. 导管溶栓治疗(Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis, CDT)

在进行具体操作时,手术医师在血管造影技术的引导下将导管尖端置入病变的血管内,将高浓度的溶栓药物直接注入血管内病变处,实现局部高浓度给药,可以有效地溶解局部血栓,恢复静脉血流。Zou J等人使用CDT治疗LEDVT患者,所有接受治疗的患者均未发生严重并发症,临床有效率为86.84%,显著高于单纯抗凝治疗组,研究还发现CDT在减轻2年内PTS症状严重程度以及降低PTS治疗成本方面具有显著优势[9]。Biekgaard N等人研究发现在股腘静脉血栓形成早期进行CDT治疗可以显著降低患者PTS的发生率,并且显著优于单纯抗凝治疗组,进一步明确了CDT早期治疗DVT的重要价值[10]。但是Goldhaber SZ等人认为尽管CDT在改善急性髂股静脉DVT患者的早期症状、减轻PTS严重程度和提高生活质量方面显示出积极作用,但其对老年患者、血栓范围有限或出血风险高的患者不太适用[11]。Liu Q等人发现急性DVT溶栓治疗过程中D-二聚体和纤维蛋白原的指标呈现特定变化,并存在相互间的特定关系,在此基础上及时调整溶栓时间和尿激酶药物剂量,能够有效提高溶栓效率,降低出血风险,同时减少了血管造影次数及X射线辐射剂量[12] [13]。Hu GF等人研究发现,与单纯抗凝治疗相比,CDT可以显著降低急性LEDVT患者的PE发生率,抑制PTS的发展,同时并未增加出血风险,但是CDT并不能降低复发性血栓栓塞事件的发生率[14]

3. 下腔静脉滤器植入术(Inferior Vena Cava Filters, IVCF)

IVCF适用于有抗凝禁忌(如近期颅脑出血、活动性消化道出血等)、抗凝失败和有游离血栓的LEDVT患者。Johnson MS等人发现使用IVCF来治疗VTE患者具有较高的安全性和较低的并发症发生率,同时PE的发生率显著降低[15]。Porceddu E等人提出在急性LEDVT患者因绝对禁忌症无法行抗凝治疗或因紧急手术需停止抗凝治疗时可以植入IVCF来预防PE的发生[16]。但是也有研究提出,IVCF植入术并未降低DVT患者的PE和大出血的发生率及全因死亡率,反而增加了滤器相关血栓形成的风险[17]。Gao ST等人认为IVCF植入后要确保充分抗凝,否则可能因下腔静脉血栓形成而导致阻塞性休克,所以一旦患者术后出现低血压、心动过速以及下肢和阴囊水肿等症状,医师应立即考虑阻塞性休克发生的可能性,并针对病因进行及时干预[18]。Ramakrishnan G等人指出IVCF植入的并发症发生率虽低,但异常解剖结构和性别等因素显著影响并发症的发生率,应及时取出滤器来降低相应并发症的发生[19]。Benedetti R等人也认为在存在抗凝治疗禁忌时,IVCF植入可作为预防LEDVT患者发生PE的替代治疗,然而其长期留置可能引发滤器相关并发症的发生,故建议采取多学科方法评估滤器使用的适应症并确定最佳取出时机[20]

4. 人工抽吸血栓清除术(Manual Aspiration Thrombectomy, MAT)

在进行具体操作时,手术医师在血管造影技术的引导下通过导丝导引将抽吸导管置入血栓部位,然后使用注射器或压力泵反复抽吸,以此来达到清除血栓目的,但是在操作过程中血栓有破碎后随血流移动的风险,因此要预先放置IVCF进行保护。多项研究表明,MAT操作简单,成本低廉,尤其对于髂股静脉血栓形成的治疗具有一定优势。Li XY等人研究发现CDT联合MAT或机械血栓清除术治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成具有相似的临床疗效和安全性,但是MAT成本显著低于机械血栓清除术[21]。Kim EH等人使用MAT治疗恶性肿瘤合并髂股深静脉血栓形成患者,技术成功率高,并发症发生率低[22]。然而MAT与其它腔内治疗方式都可能因操作不当而导致出血量较多、损伤血管内膜。

5. 经皮机械血栓清除术(Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy, PMT)

PMT是指借助机械装置的抽吸、旋转、溶解、超声波等方式来清除血栓,在机械清除的同时,可以联合使用溶栓药物,尤其适合病情进展迅速,需要短时间内快速清除血栓、恢复血流的DVT患者。AngioJet血栓清除系统是PMT的代表装置,通过液体在导管内的高速流动在导管口周围产生负压,可以将血栓抽吸入导管并排出体外。Li GQ等人的研究结果提示相较于传统CDT,AngioJet血栓清除术可以显著降低LEDVT患者PTS的发生率、缩短治疗及溶栓时间,虽然在治疗的有效率和严重并发症发生率方面两者无显著差异,但是AngioJet血栓清除术提高了治疗的安全性和效率,而且AngioJet血栓清除术在成本效益分析中具有更好的长期成本效益[23] [24]。Wortmann JK等人研究指出对于髂股静脉血栓形成患者,PMT和CDT均表现出较高的安全性及长期通畅率,但是PMT在降低术后出血事件发生率方面表现出明显的优势[25]。Su YJ等人认为与全身溶栓相比,CDT通过使用更低剂量的溶栓药物,在取得更好的治疗效果的同时,降低了患者出血风险,而药物机械导管定向溶栓可以进一步降低溶栓药物的使用剂量和输注时间,使得PMT可能成为不适合溶栓药物治疗的LEDVT患者的最佳治疗方案[26]。总的来说,与CDT相比,PMT在降低术后出血事件及PTS发生率、缩短治疗及溶栓时间等方面更具优势,值得临床应用。但是与MAT相似的是,PMT操作不当可能也会损伤深静脉瓣膜,此外PMT设备在使用过程中可能会出现过热现象,不仅会影响手术进程,还可能会威胁患者的安全。Babigumira JB和Sagris M等人提出PMT治疗过程复杂,实施难度大,需进一步完善和探讨PMT在DVT临床应用中的标准化、个体化和成本效益分析[27] [28]

6. 多种介入治疗的联合应用

随着腔内治疗LEDVT的临床实践的开展,多项研究结果表明联合应用多种介入治疗方法可以带来更好的临床获益。Ozcinar E等人研究发现,PMT联合CDT方案可以显著缓解下肢肿痛和功能障碍症状,同时降低了PTS的发生率,而PMT + CDT + 支架置入术方案为LEDVT患者提供个体化治疗,显著延长了静脉通畅时间,改善了患者的生活质量[29]。Lu ZX等人发现CDT联合PMT和球囊扩张支架置入术在妊娠相关髂股静脉血栓患者的治疗中展现出更佳的即时疗效,并显著降低了PTS发生率,改善了患者的中期预后[30]。Cong LY等人研究发现,在治疗老年亚急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者中,Angiojet-PMT联合CDT治疗相较于单纯CDT治疗可以显著减轻患者的血栓负荷和溶栓药物剂量,还可以缩短住院时间,显著降低两年内严重PTS的发生率[31]。总的来说,PMT联合CDT能显著减轻血栓负荷、缓解下肢症状、降低PTS发生率,且可以减少溶栓药物的使用及改善中期预后,是一种值得医师们探索的方法。此外还有多项研究均证实了多种介入治疗方法的联合应用为不同患者提供个体化的治疗方案,具有显著的优越性[32]-[34]

综上所述,目前LEDVT的临床诊治已取得了一定的成果,但依然面临许多挑战。腔内治疗因其微创、迅速起效、疗效确切的优势在LEDVT治疗中占据愈发重要的地位。进一步开展对腔内治疗LEDVT的规范化、标准化以及多种腔内治疗方法联合应用方面的探索,可以为不同患者提供更加精准和安全的个体化治疗方案。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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