从损害救济到风险预防：生态环境损害赔偿制度的现状与展望

From Damage Relief to Risk Prevention: The Current Situation and Prospect of the Ecological and Environmental Damage Compensation System

摘要: 传统生态环境损害赔偿制度面临双重法理困境：单一的自然资源国家所有权理论难以解释国家环境治理权的义务属性，纯粹的国家环境保护义务学说则欠缺权利行使的正当性基础。本文创新性提出权利义务复合理论框架，通过构建“权利–义务”双向互嵌模型实现两大理论的逻辑弥合。实证研究表明，现行以损害救济为中心的赔偿制度存在环境修复成本年均增长率达18.7%而生态恢复率不足60%，凸显末端治理模式的根本性缺陷。对此，本文系统解构传统救济原则的三大局限：滞后性应对机制、单向度责任认定、碎片化修复标准，继而从客观维度、规范维度、学理维度三重向度论证风险预防原则的正当性根基。基于环境法秩序价值与治理效率的衡平考量，建议构建“全过程风险预防”制度体系，从补救型向预防型范式转型，为生态环境治理现代化提供制度创新样本。

Abstract: The traditional ecological environmental damage compensation system faces dual jurisprudential dilemmas: the singular state ownership theory of natural resources struggles to justify the obligatory nature of state environmental governance power, while the pure state environmental protection obligation doctrine lacks legitimate foundation for rights exercise. This paper innovatively proposes a composite theory framework of rights and obligations, establishing a bidirectional “rights-obligations” embedded model to achieve logical reconciliation between these two theories. Empirical studies reveal fundamental flaws in the current damage-centered compensation system, evidenced by an annual growth rate of 18.7% in environmental remediation costs juxtaposed with less than 60% ecological restoration rate, highlighting the inherent defects of end-of-pipe governance. The paper systematically deconstructs three limitations of traditional remedy principles: reactive response mechanisms, unidimensional liability determination, and fragmented restoration standards. Subsequently, it demonstrates the legitimacy foundation of the precautionary principle through three dimensions—objective, normative, and doctrinal. Considering the balance between environmental legal order value and governance efficiency, we recommend constructing a “whole-process risk prevention” institutional system to facilitate the paradigm shift from remedial to preventive approaches, thereby providing institutional innovation models for the modernization of ecological environmental governance.