膀胱原发混合性神经内分泌–非神经内分泌肿瘤一例
A Case of Primary Mixed Neuroendocrine-Non-Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Tumor of the Bladder
摘要: 膀胱原发的混合性神经内分泌–非神经内分泌肿瘤(mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, MiNENs)非常罕见,其神经内分泌多为小细胞神经内分泌癌(small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, SCNEC),而非神经内分泌成分常与尿路上皮癌有关。我们描述了一例膀胱的原发性MiNENs,由SCNEC和高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌组成,并探讨了其诊断、治疗和预后。
Abstract: Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) of bladder origin are very rare, and their neuroendocrine mostly small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and non-neuroendocrine components are often associated with uroepithelial carcinoma. We describe a case of primary MiNENs of the bladder, consisting of SCNEC and high-grade invasive uroepithelial carcinoma, and discuss its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
文章引用:刘文瑶, 余肖. 膀胱原发混合性神经内分泌–非神经内分泌肿瘤一例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 941-945. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551453

1. 临床资料

一位69岁的男性患者因间歇性全程无痛肉眼血尿10天在当地医院就诊,血尿呈洗肉水样,伴少量血块,无尿频、尿急、尿痛,无排尿困难,无尿不尽感。当地医院超声检查提示膀胱实性占位,遂行膀胱镜检查,结果提示膀胱肿物,未行病理活检。为进一步治疗就诊于我院,患者有30年吸烟史,平均20支/天,有饮酒史,偶尔饮酒,无家族史。患者接受了经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)。

大体检查为灰白灰红质韧碎组织,总体积3 * 2 * 0.8 cm。显微镜下,肿瘤由大约95%的小细胞神经内分泌癌(small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, SCNEC)和5%的高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌组成,两部分之间有明显的分界(图1)。SCNEC部分由中等大小的细胞组成,细胞质稀少,核呈圆形、椭圆形或拉长的深染核,高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌部分则由大小不一,细胞质中等或丰富,核大,核形多样,常成角、不规则,具单个或多个小核仁的肿瘤细胞组成。免疫组化检查显示(图2图3),SCNEC的突触素(Syn)、嗜铬粒蛋白(CgA)和INSM1阳性,Ki-67增殖指数为90%,P63和CK20阴性。同时,高级别浸润性尿路

Figure 1. HE staining of MiNENs of bladder. SCNEC (left) cells and high-grade invasive uroepithelial carcinoma (right) cells were demarcated clearly (40× magnification)

1. 膀胱MiNENs的HE染色。SCNEC(左)细胞和高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌(右)细胞分界清晰(放大40倍)

Figure 2. Immunohistochemical staining of INSM1. SCNEC (left) cells exhibit positive staining, while high-grade invasive uroepithelial carcinoma (right) cells show negative staining (200× magnification)

2. INSM1的免疫组化染色。SCNEC (左)细胞呈阳性染色,而高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌(右)细胞呈阴性染色(放大200倍)

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining of CK20. SCNEC (left) cells show negative staining, while high-grade invasive uroepithelial carcinoma (right) cells show positive staining (200× magnification)

3. CK20的免疫组化染色。SCNEC (左)细胞呈阴性染色,而高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌(右)细胞呈阳性染色(放大200倍)

上皮癌的P63和CK20阳性,Ki-67增殖指数为40%,但Syn、CgA和INSM1阴性。最终,根据病理结果患者最终被诊断为混合性神经内分泌非神经内分泌肿瘤(mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neo-plasms, MiNENs),其中神经内分泌成分为SCNEC,占95%,并且SCNEC成分侵及膀胱肌层;非神经内分泌成分为高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌,占5%。

2. 讨论

尿路上皮癌是膀胱癌的主要致病类型,在全球最常见的癌症中排名第十,在男性中更为常见[1]。而膀胱神经内分泌癌极其罕见,仅占所有膀胱癌的0.35%~0.70% [2]。世界卫生组织2016年对膀胱神经内分泌肿瘤的分类包括副神经节瘤、低级别神经内分泌肿瘤和神经内分泌癌,神经内分泌癌又包括SCNEC、大细胞神经内分泌癌(large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, LCNEC)和MiNENs [3]。MiNENs定义为SCNEC或LCNEC与任何比例的非神经内分泌癌成分混合,诊断时需注明两种成分的类型、占比和分化程度[3]

MiNENs的发病机制尚未明确,迄今为止,已经提出了三种主要理论[4]:第一种理论认为,神经内分泌和非神经内分泌成分以同步或异时的方式从不同的前体细胞独立产生并合并;第二个假设这两个成分来源于一个共同的多能干细胞祖细胞,它在致癌过程中获得双表型分化;第三种理论也假设这两个成分的共同单克隆起源,但假设神经内分泌分化是通过分子/遗传畸变的逐渐积累从最初的非神经内分泌细胞表型发展而来的。在大多数情况下,由于MiNENs具有神经内分泌癌成分,因此预后接近纯神经内分泌癌(NEC),通常与不良生存结局相关[5]。由于这些原因,MiNENs的处理方式通常与纯NEC相似[6]。Choong等人报道,膀胱SCNEC的5年生存率为25% [2]。研究证明,膀胱SCNEC的总生存期与患者年龄、肿瘤大小和形状、神经元周围浸润、血管浸润、远处器官转移和病理类型等因素相关[7]

膀胱SCNEC以男性为主,男女比例为3:1 [8],患膀胱SCNEC的男性更有可能有吸烟史[9]。本病例患者的MiNENs可能与其30年吸烟史有关。膀胱MiNENs的临床症状具有非特异性,最常见的表现原因是无痛性肉眼血尿,因此膀胱MiNENs的病理诊断依赖于组织学检查和免疫组化。

膀胱SCNEC肿瘤细胞通常弥漫性生长,细胞质稀少,因此细胞核常挤压变形,核仁不明显,染色质呈细点状。常伴地图样坏死、大量的有丝分裂、挤压伪影和高ki67阳性率[10]。Syn、CgA及INSM1是膀胱SCNEC的标记物[11],TTF-1在近40%的病例中可能呈阳性[12]。其他报告的标志物包括p53 (75%)、c-kit (27%)和EGFR (27%)这些标志物的预后或治疗意义尚不完全明确[13] [14]。膀胱SCNEC的P63和CK20均呈阴性。

高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌由失去极性,大小不一的肿瘤细胞组成,伴有中度至显著的多形性、染色质聚集,偶尔有突出的核仁,可见非典型的有丝分裂象[15]。高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌的P63和CK20均呈阳性,而CgA、Syn和INSM1均呈阴性,可以很好地与膀胱SCNEC区分。

膀胱SCNEC是一种罕见的疾病,有关治疗的数据很少,因此目前没有治疗标准。大多数化疗方案是从肺小细胞癌推断而来,其治疗方案包括:单纯化疗、新辅助化疗后膀胱切除术、膀胱切除术后辅助化疗、单独膀胱切除术、单独经尿道膀胱切除术、单纯放疗、同步或序贯化疗和放疗[16]。美国国家综合癌症网络2022年指南推荐,对于含有任何小细胞成分(或神经内分泌特征)非局部晚期的膀胱癌患者,建议同步放化疗或新辅助化疗后局部治疗(膀胱切除术或放疗),对含有任何小细胞成分(或神经内分泌特征)局部晚期的膀胱癌患者,无论分期如何,应同步放化疗,对转移性膀胱癌患者,应单独进行化疗[17]。Myers等人首次研究了对早期膀胱SCNEC使用全身新辅助化疗,发现这可以显著临床T1期膀胱SCNEC患者的病理缓解、减少转移复发风险,并延长总生存期和无病生存期[18]。一项中国多中心回顾性研究显示新辅助化疗结合膀胱全切或同步/序贯放化疗可使部分患者可达长期生存甚至治愈[19]。美国Moffitt癌症中心总结和分析了该机构2001~2021年间局限性膀胱神经内分泌癌患者的治疗,发现新辅助化疗是提高预后与局部控制的关键,尤其EP方案(使用顺铂/依托泊苷化疗),病理降期和淋巴结是否转移是判断治疗效果与预后的关键指标[20]。综上,应该对不同病理分期的患者制定个体化方案,以期获得更好的治疗效果。

3. 结论

膀胱MiNENs是非常罕见的肿瘤,恶性程度较高。这种恶性肿瘤的诊断主要取决于组织病理学、免疫组化和细胞形态学特征。推荐采用多模式治疗方法,并需要长期随访。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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