自动驾驶汽车交通事故侵权责任主体法律问题研究

Research on the Legal Issues of the Subject of Tort Liability in Autonomous Vehicle Traffic Accident

摘要: 自动驾驶汽车成为当前科研项目的热点，其的出现与普及，提高了通行效率，但也带来了一系列的法律问题，其中最为重要的是在自动驾驶的汽车发生交通事故后，如何认定侵权责任主体。现行法律法规难以精准适应自动驾驶汽车交通事故的各种情况，导致在实际操作中缺乏明确的法律依据，责任主体的认定变得尤为复杂，往往涉及车辆所有人、管理人、生产者、销售者以及自动驾驶系统开发者等多个方面。此外，举证责任的分配也存在困难，受害者在举证时很难证明自动驾驶系统是否存在缺陷或错误，自动驾驶系统的算法“黑箱”使得其决策过程难以为外界所知悉，增加了举证难度。同时，保险制度也尚未完善，无法全面覆盖事故发生后的损失，保险公司针对自动驾驶汽车设计的保险条款中，关于责任认定和赔偿标准的内容尚不健全。本文旨在通过剖析自动驾驶汽车的技术分级与运行模式和国内外典型案例，从构建适配的法律法规体系、细化车主与驾驶员的责任、厘清制造商和软件开发者的责任、创新规则原则、合理分配举证责任等方面，对自动驾驶汽车交通事故侵权责任主体的认定问题提出建议。

Abstract: Autonomous vehicles have become a hot topic in current scientific research projects. Their emergence and popularization have improved traffic efficiency, but they have also brought a series of legal issues, among which the most important one is how to determine the subject of tort liability when autonomous vehicles are involved in traffic accidents. The current laws and regulations are difficult to precisely adapt to various situations of traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles, resulting in a lack of clear legal basis in practical operations and making the determination of the subject of tort liability particularly complex, often involving multiple aspects such as vehicle owners, managers, producers, sellers, and developers of self-driving systems. In addition, there are difficulties in the allocation of the burden of proof. Victims find it hard to prove whether there are defects or errors in the self-driving system when presenting evidence. The “black box” nature of the self-driving system's algorithm makes its decision-making process difficult for the outside world to understand, increasing the difficulty of presenting evidence. At the same time, the insurance system is not yet perfect and cannot fully cover the losses after an accident. In the insurance terms designed by insurance companies for autonomous vehicles, the content regarding the determination of liability and compensation standards is still incomplete. This article aims to propose suggestions on the determination of the subject of tort liability in traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles by analyzing the technical classification and operation mode of autonomous vehicles and typical domestic and foreign cases, from aspects such as building an adapted legal and regulatory system, detailing the responsibilities of vehicle owners and drivers, clarifying the responsibilities of manufacturers and software developers, innovating rule principles, and reasonably allocating the burden of proof.