抑郁症患者过度寻求安慰的研究进展
Research Progress on the Excessive Reassurance Seeking among Depression Patients
摘要: 过度寻求安慰是指个体在他人表示厌烦,依旧反复地寻求安慰和反馈的行为。过度寻求安慰的测量工具及方法包括了抑郁人际关系分量表、录音讨论任务、生态瞬时评估。抑郁症患者的过度寻求安慰受到个体人格特质(依恋类型、人际依赖)以及认知层面(认知–情感冲突水平、反刍思维、无法忍受不确定性)的影响。未来研究可进一步聚焦在过度寻求安慰的研究方法、本质及内涵、干预策略及本土化研究等方面,进而推动过度寻求安慰研究的发展。
Abstract: Excessive reassurance seeking refers to the behavior of repeatedly seeking comfort and feedback even when others express annoyance. Excessive reassurance seeking measure tools and methods have included the Depressive Interpersonal Relationship Inventory-Reassurance Seeking Subscale, audio-recorded discussion task, and Ecological momentary assessment. Excessive reassurance seeking in depressed patients is influenced by individual personality traits (attachment type, interpersonal dependence) as well as cognitive dimensions (level of cognitive-emotional conflict, rumination, intolerance of uncertainty). Future research can further focus on the research methodology, nature and connotation, intervention strategies and localization of excessive reassurance seeking to promote the development of excessive reassurance seeking research.
文章引用:解梦摇 (2025). 抑郁症患者过度寻求安慰的研究进展. 心理学进展, 15(5), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2025.155295

参考文献

[1] 李丽娜, 刘霄, 马会霞, 吕少博, 王晓燕, 罗红格, 等(2016). 城镇化进程中留守妇女安慰寻求、孤独感与抑郁的相关性. 现代预防医学, 43(7), 1217-1221.
[2] 李薇, 张珊珊, 齐音, 崔枫楠, 张郢, 张帆, 等(2021). 城镇化进程中留守妇女的幸福感对心理健康服务需求的影响: 安慰寻求的中介作用. 中国健康心理学杂志, 29(12), 1761-1764.
[3] Abela, J. R. Z., Zuroff, D. C., Ho, M. R., Adams, P., & Hankin, B. L. (2006). Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Hassles, and Depressive Symptoms in Children of Affectively Ill Parents: A Multiwave Longitudinal Study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 165-181.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Altan-Atalay, A., & Ray-Yol, E. (2023). Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation Strategies: How Do They Interact and Influence Fear of Negative Evaluation? Current Psychology, 42, 4498-4503.[CrossRef
[5] Anagnostopoulos, V., & Carter, M. M. (2019). Self-Report versus Informant Responses: Exploring the Relationship between Excessive Reassurance Seeking and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 38, 1-27.[CrossRef
[6] Arens, E. A., & Stangier, U. (2020). Sad as a Matter of Evidence: The Desire for Self-Verification Motivates the Pursuit of Sadness in Clinical Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 238.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Baer, M. M., Spitzen, T. L., Richmond, J. R., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2022). Associations of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation Strategies to Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 24, 1-9.[CrossRef
[8] Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment Styles among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.[CrossRef
[9] Bartoszek, G., Ranney, R. M., Curanovic, I., Costello, S. J., & Behar, E. (2022). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Information-Seeking Behavior: Experimental Manipulation of Threat Relevance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 154, Article 104125.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive Therapy of Depression: New Perspectives. In P. J. Clayton, & J. E. Barnett (Eds.). Treatment for Depression: Old Controversies and New Approaches (pp. 265-290). Raven Press.
[11] Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation Anxiety and Anger. Basic Books.
[12] Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric Properties of the English Version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931-945.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Carleton, R. N., Desgagné, G., Krakauer, R., & Hong, R. Y. (2019). Increasing Intolerance of Uncertainty over Time: The Potential Influence of Increasing Connectivity. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 48, 121-136.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Carter, R., Cust, F., & Boath, E. (2020). Effectiveness of a Peer Support Intervention for Antenatal Depression: A Feasibility Study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38, 259-270.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Chan, S., & Rawana, J. S. (2021). Examining the Associations between Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Psychosocial Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 652-662.[CrossRef
[16] Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., Clark, L. H., & Murray‐lyon, K. (2020). Adult Attachment, Worry and Reassurance Seeking: Investigating the Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty. Clinical Psychologist, 24, 294-305.[CrossRef
[17] Clayton, M. G., Giletta, M., Boettiger, C. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021). Determinants of Excessive Reassurance-Seeking: Adolescents’ Internalized Distress, Friendship Conflict, and Inhibitory Control as Prospective Predictors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50, 88-96.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Cougle, J. R., Fitch, K. E., Fincham, F. D., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., & Timpano, K. R. (2012). Excessive Reassurance Seeking and Anxiety Pathology: Tests of Incremental Associations and Directionality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 117-125.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the Response of Others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186-193.[CrossRef
[20] Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Haliczer, L. A., Conkey, L. C., & Whalen, D. J. (2018). Difficulties in Interpersonal Emotion Regulation: Initial Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 528-549.[CrossRef
[21] Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). An Integrative Model of Excessive Reassurance Seeking and Negative Feedback Seeking in the Development and Maintenance of Depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1291-1303.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2014). If It Be Love Indeed Tell Me How Much: Early Core Beliefs Associated with Excessive Reassurance Seeking in Depression. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46, 1-8.[CrossRef
[23] Evraire, L. E., Dozois, D. J. A., & Wilde, J. L. (2022). The Contribution of Attachment Styles and Reassurance Seeking to Trust in Romantic Couples. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 18, 19-39.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Fearey, E., Evans, J., & Schwartz-Mette, R. A. (2021). Emotion Regulation Deficits and Depression-Related Maladaptive Interpersonal Behaviours. Cognition and Emotion, 35, 1559-1572.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Figueroa, C. A., DeJong, H., Mocking, R. J. T., Fox, E., Rive, M. M., Schene, A. H. et al. (2019). Attentional Control, Rumination and Recurrence of Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 364-372.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Gallagher, A. G., Washburn, D., Jacobson, J. A., & Harkness, K. L. (2024). Negative Feedback‐Seeking in Depression: The Moderating Roles of Rumination and Interpersonal Life Stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 80, 471-489.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Gillett, D. A., & Mazza, S. J. (2018). Clarifying a Construct: An Integrative Functional Model of Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36, 362-377.[CrossRef
[28] Grafton, B., Southworth, F., Watkins, E., & MacLeod, C. (2016). Stuck in a Sad Place: Biased Attentional Disengagement in Rumination. Emotion, 16, 63-72.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Haciomeroglu, B. (2020). The Role of Reassurance Seeking in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: The Associations between Reassurance Seeking, Dysfunctional Beliefs, Negative Emotions, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms. BMC Psychiatry, 20, Article No. 356.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Haciomeroglu, B., & Inozu, M. (2019). Is Reassurance Seeking Specific to OCD? Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of Reassurance Seeking Questionnaire in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47, 363-385.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Hames, J. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2013). Interpersonal Processes in Depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 355-377.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J. (2016). Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ): Scale Development and Psychometric Characteristics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 341-356.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Joiner, T. E., & Metalsky, G. I. (2001). Excessive Reassurance Seeking: Delineating a Risk Factor Involved in the Development of Depressive Symptoms. Psychological Science, 12, 371-378.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992). When Depression Breeds Contempt: Reassurance Seeking, Self-Esteem, and Rejection of Depressed College Students by Their Roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 165-173.[CrossRef
[35] Katz, D. E., Laposa, J. M., & Rector, N. A. (2020). Excessive Reassurance Seeking in Depression versus Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Cross-Sectional and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Treatment Comparisons. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, Article 102280.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016). Social Functioning in Major Depressive Disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 313-332.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Kusec, A., Tallon, K., & Koerner, N. (2016). Intolerance of Uncertainty, Causal Uncertainty, Causal Importance, Self-Concept Clarity and Their Relations to Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 45, 307-323.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Lee, Y. J., Kim, H. C., & Jung, S. J. (2021). Depressive Subfactors and Cognitive Function in Midlife. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 752-758.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Lenger, M., Dalkner, N., Schwalsberger, K., Hagendorfer, B., Schönthaler, E., Rieger, A. et al. (2022). Examining the Autonomic Nervous System in the Relationship among Heart Rate Variability, Stress Coping, and Cognitive Ability in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11, Article 3277.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Loeb, E. L., Stern, J. A., Costello, M. A., & Allen, J. P. (2021). With(out) a Little Help from My Friends: Insecure Attachment in Adolescence, Support-Seeking, and Adult Negativity and Hostility. Attachment & Human Development, 23, 624-642.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Lord, K. A., Harkness, K. L., Suvak, M. K., & Stewart, J. G. (2020). The Affective Dynamics of Reassurance-Seeking in Real-Time Interactions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37, 676-694.[CrossRef
[42] McClintock, A. S., McCarrick, S. M., & Anderson, T. (2014). Excessive Reassurance-Seeking and Interpersonal Dependency: Assessing Incremental Associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 94-97.[CrossRef
[43] Messina, I., Maniglio, R., & Spataro, P. (2023). Attachment Insecurity and Depression: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Emotion Regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 47, 637-647.[CrossRef
[44] Meyer, A. E., Silva, S. G., & Curry, J. F. (2023). Is Everything Really Okay? Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Evaluate Daily Co-Fluctuations in Anxiety and Reassurance Seeking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 171, Article 104429.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Natoli, A. P., Schapiro-Halberstam, S., & Kolobukhova, A. (2021). A Multimethod Investigation of Sex, Romantic Relationships, and Interpersonal Dependency. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 2621-2629.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Nesi, J., & Prinstein, M. J. (2015). Using Social Media for Social Comparison and Feedback-Seeking: Gender and Popularity Moderate Associations with Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1427-1438.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259-282.[CrossRef
[48] Parrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2010). Why Do People Seek Reassurance and Check Repeatedly? An Investigation of Factors Involved in Compulsive Behavior in OCD and Depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 211-222.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Raposa, E. B., & Hammen, C. (2018). A Daily Diary Investigation of the Influence of Early Family Adversity on Social Functioning during the Transition to Adulthood. Social Development, 27, 431-446.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Rosser, B. A. (2019). Intolerance of Uncertainty as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism of Psychological Difficulties: A Systematic Review of Evidence Pertaining to Causality and Temporal Precedence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43, 438-463.[CrossRef
[51] Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Smith, R. L. (2018). When Does Co-Rumination Facilitate Depression Contagion in Adolescent Friendships? Investigating Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Factors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 912-924.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment Style, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Relationship Processes, and Depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 343-359.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Sheets, E. S., & Armey, M. F. (2020). Daily Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Stress Reactivity in Current and Remitted Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 774-787.[CrossRef
[54] Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., & Mullan, B. A. (2017). Pathways from Uncertainty to Anxiety: An Evaluation of a Hierarchical Model of Trait and Disorder-Specific Intolerance of Uncertainty on Anxiety Disorder Symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 72-79.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Depression, and Interpersonal Rejection: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 762-775.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] Stewart, J. G., & Harkness, K. L. (2015). The Interpersonal Toxicity of Excessive Reassurance-Seeking: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34, 392-410.[CrossRef
[57] Stewart, J. G., & Harkness, K. L. (2017). Testing a Revised Interpersonal Theory of Depression Using a Laboratory Measure of Excessive Reassurance Seeking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 331-348.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Stinson, L., Liu, Y., & Dallery, J. (2022). Ecological Momentary Assessment: A Systematic Review of Validity Research. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 45, 469-493.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Stroud, C. B., Sosoo, E. E., & Wilson, S. (2018). Rumination, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, and Stress Generation among Early Adolescent Girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 139-163.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Swann, W. B. (1987). Identity Negotiation: Where Two Roads Meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1038-1051.[CrossRef
[61] Tran, A., Greenaway, K. H., Kostopoulos, J., Tamir, M., Gutentag, T., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2023). Does Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Effort Pay off? Emotion, 24, 345-356.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Turner, B. J., Wakefield, M. A., Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2017). Characterizing Interpersonal Difficulties among Young Adults Who Engage in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Using a Daily Diary. Behavior Therapy, 48, 366-379.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Vazire, S., & Mehl, M. R. (2008). Knowing Me, Knowing You: The Accuracy and Unique Predictive Validity of Self-Ratings and Other-Ratings of Daily Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1202-1216.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Vorndran Hedrick, A. K., Geller, P. A., Grunberg, V. A., & Mudrak, P. L. (2020). Female High-Reassurance Seekers Are at Risk for Adolescent Depression. Advances in Mental Health, 18, 156-165.[CrossRef
[65] Wakeling, S., Stukas, A. A., Wright, B. J., & Evans, L. (2020). Negative Feedback Seeking and Excessive Reassurance Seeking Behavior and Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 39, 788-823.[CrossRef
[66] Weinstock, L. M., & Whisman, M. A. (2007). Rumination and Excessive Reassurance-Seeking in Depression: A Cognitive-Interpersonal Integration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 333-342.[CrossRef
[67] Williams, M. T., Lewthwaite, H., Fraysse, F., Gajewska, A., Ignatavicius, J., & Ferrar, K. (2021). Compliance with Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-Reported Health-Related Behaviors and Psychological Constructs in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23, e17023.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Wong, J. J., Frost, N. D., Timko, C., Heinz, A. J., & Cronkite, R. (2020). Depression and Family Arguments: Disentangling Reciprocal Effects for Women and Men. Family Practice, 37, 49-55.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Xia, H., Han, X., Cheng, J., Liu, D., Wu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022). Effects of Negative Life Events on Depression in Middle School Students: The Chain-Mediating Roles of Rumination and Perceived Social Support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 781274.[CrossRef] [PubMed]