理性的反思：马克思与德国早期浪漫派的启蒙批判

Reflecting on Reason: The Enlightenment Critique in Marx and Early German Romanticism

摘要: 启蒙运动高扬理性的旗帜，对各种专制体系进行了不遗余力的批判。然而，在理性至上的热潮中，启蒙运动也迎来了它的元批判，即对启蒙的批判。作为一支启蒙批判的力量，德国早期浪漫派批判启蒙运动过于注重功利性和可理解性，忽视了道德、情感和历史的作用。对此早期浪漫派以反讽思想表达了对有限现实的不满和对无限远方的向往。马克思受到了早期浪漫派的影响，继承和发展了早期浪漫派中回归人的具体感性的一面，同时，马克思立足于现实的物质基础和实践，以无产阶级作为反讽的主体，实现了浪漫反讽的现实化。

Abstract: The Enlightenment movement raised the banner of rationality and spared no effort in criticizing various authoritarian systems. However, in the wave of rational supremacy, the Enlightenment movement also ushered in its meta-critique, namely the critique of Enlightenment. As a force of Enlightenment criticism, the early Romanticism in Germany criticized the Enlightenment movement for placing too much emphasis on utilitarianism and comprehensibility, while neglecting morality, emotions and history. The early Romantics expressed their dissatisfaction with limited reality and longing for infinite distance through ironic thinking. Marx was influenced by Early Romanticism, inheriting and developing the concrete and emotional aspect of returning to humanity in Early Romanticism. At the same time, Marx based himself on the material foundation and practice of reality, using the proletariat as the main subject of irony, achieving the realism of romantic irony.