成人院内心脏骤停的危险因素研究进展
Research Progress on Risk Factors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Adults
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551569, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 张鹏飞, 李 芳*:昆明医科大学第二附属医院急诊医学部,云南 昆明
关键词: 成年人院内心脏骤停心血管疾病危险因素Adult In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors
摘要: 院内心脏骤停(in-hospital cardiac arrest, IHCA)是可能威胁任何住院患者生命安全的紧急事件。随着老龄化社会的到来,IHCA发生率及致死率、致残率逐年升高,且年龄越大预后越差。早期发现IHCA的独立危险因素是降低其发生率、提高救治成功率的关键环节。有关IHCA的研究数据却十分有限,IHCA的危险因素尚不完全清楚。本文拟就当前研究证据较多的成人IHCA危险因素做一综述,以期为临床防治IHCA和开展相关研究提供参考。
Abstract: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is an emergency that can threaten the life of any hospitalized patient. With the advent of the aging society, the incidence, mortality and disability of IHCA increase year by year, and the older the age, the worse the prognosis. Early detection of independent risk factors of IHCA is the key to reducing its incidence and improving the success rate of treatment. Research data on IHCA are very limited, and the risk factors for IHCA are not fully understood. In this paper, the risk factors of IHCA in adults with more research evidence are reviewed in order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of IHCA and related research.
文章引用:张鹏飞, 李芳. 成人院内心脏骤停的危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 1872-1878. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551569

1. 引言

院内心脏骤停(in-hospital cardiac arrest, IHCA)指发生在医院内的心脏骤停,是可能威胁任何住院患者生命安全的紧急事件[1]。据报道,欧美发达国家成人IHCA的发病率在1‰~5‰之间;日本IHCA的发病率为4.6‰~6.1‰ [1] [2]。老年患者的IHCA发病率显著高于其他人群,来自不同国家和地区的研究均发现IHCA患者的平均年龄大于60岁[3] [4]。随着老龄化社会的到来,IHCA将威胁更多患者的健康和生命安全。

与院外心脏骤停不同,在发生IHCA之前的病情变化通常是已知的。2020年美国心肺复苏指南依然把预防作为IHCA生存链的第一个环节[5]。但是,有关IHCA的研究数据十分有限。本文拟就当前研究证据较多的成人IHCA危险因素做一综述,以期为临床防治IHCA和开展相关研究提供参考。

2. 人口学特征

2.1. 高龄

高龄是发生IHCA最重要的危险因素之一,随年龄增长发生IHCA的风险显著增加。有研究分析IHCA患者的年龄结构,结果发现,年龄在19至64岁之间的患者仅占19.1%,而年龄大于65岁的患者占比则超过70% [2]。另一项Meta分析也显示,不同国家和地区IHCA患者的平均年龄均超过60岁[3]。近期,来自瑞典的最新数据显示,在急诊科发生IHCA患者的平均年龄为74岁[6]。我国一项最新的研究中,IHCA患者的平均年龄甚至高达80岁[4]。随年龄增长发生心血管疾病的风险显著增加,可能是高龄患者更易发生IHCA且预后不佳的主要原因[7]。因此,对于高龄患者应积极干预相关基础疾病,以尽量降低IHCA的发病率。

2.2. 男性

男性IHCA发病率显著高于女性。来自不同国家和地区的研究数据均表明,男性发生IHCA的风险明显高于女性[1] [6]。最近发表的一项Meta分析显示,在发生IHCA的成人患者中,男性占比在56.5%~68%之间[3]。急诊科是发生IHCA的高危场所,来自美国的数据显示,在急诊科发生IHCA的成年患者中,男性占比高达65% [8]。老年患者是发生IHCA的高危人群,尽管在65岁以上人口中女性的总人数及住院人数均比男性多,但是男性的IHCA发病率却仍明显高于女性[9] [10]

2.3. 种族

种族可能是IHCA的另一危险因素。不同种族间发生IHCA的差异是一个备受关注的问题。一项美国的大规模多中心研究发现,非洲裔、亚裔、西班牙裔等发生IHCA的风险分别是白种人的1.51、1.14和1.23倍,非白种人是发生IHCA的独立危险因素[11]。在新冠病毒感染者中,IHCA的发病率也具有明显的种族差异,黑人和西班牙裔是IHCA的独立危险因素[12]。而且,黑人IHCA患者的死亡风险较其他种族更高[13]

3. 基础疾病

据报道,冠心病、糖尿病、高血压、房颤、慢性肾功能衰竭、中风、充血性心衰、呼吸衰竭、脓毒症和肺部感染等多种疾病均可能是成人发生IHCA的危险因素[11] [14] [15]。然而,仅冠心病、糖尿病、高血压、房颤和慢性肾功能衰竭等有较多的研究证据,其他基础疾病对发生IHCA的确切影响仍有待进一步研究。

3.1. 冠心病

冠心病是发生心脏骤停的一种较为公认的预测因素,既往已有不少国内外的研究均已表明冠心病是IHCA的独立危险因素[14]。近年来,我国学者研究发现,心肌梗死是重症患者发生IHCA的独立危险因素;急性冠脉综合征是急诊重症监护室患者发生IHCA的独立危险因素[16]。而因冠心病行冠状动脉搭桥术则是美国急诊科的非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者发生心脏骤停的独立危险因素之一[17]。除了显著增加IHCA发生风险外,冠心病也是IHCA最主要的病因之一。近期来自瑞典的研究发现,心肌缺血是其研究人群发生IHCA的首要病因,约30%的IHCA由心肌缺血导致[18]。有Meta分析发现,急性冠脉综合征高居IHCA发病原因第二位[3]。而尽早行冠脉造影则有利于改善其预后[19]。因此,对于冠心病患者应给予及时规范的治疗,急性冠脉综合征尽早行冠脉造影,才能在临床上尽量避免IHCA的发生并改善预后。

3.2. 糖尿病

当前,全球糖尿病患病率呈上升趋势。糖尿病既是IHCA的病因和合并症,也是发生IHCA最重要的独立危险因素之一,可显著增加普通人群、ST段抬高型心肌梗死和脓毒症患者发生IHCA的风险[11] [14] [20]。目前研究发现,糖尿病患者发生IHCA的风险较其他人群高70% [11]。据报道,在ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者中,有糖尿病病史者发生IHCA的风险是无此病史者的1.37倍[20]。糖尿病合并高血压患者突发心脏骤停的风险更是超过无这些基础疾病人群的3倍[21]。糖尿病患者发生IHCA的风险增加的原因尚不完全清楚,可能与糖尿病易导致心脏电生理异常和心律失常有关[22]。与未控制血糖的患者相比,平稳控制血糖可使突发心脏骤停的风险降低约40% [21]。因此,对普通人群宣传健康生活方式、预防糖尿病的发生,对糖尿病患者采用降糖药物等合理控制的血糖,有利于降低IHCA的发生率并改善预后。

3.3. 高血压

高血压是IHCA患者最常见的合并症,既往多项研究均以表明IHCA患者患有高血压的比例较高。目前,一项最新的有关IHCA的研究纳入了368例IHCA患者,其中298名有高血压病史,占比高达76.4% [1]。高血压也是在急诊科就诊的非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者发其生IHCA的独立危险因素,有高血压病史者发生IHCA的风险是无高血压病史者的1.12倍[17]。除此以外,高血压还是新型冠状病毒感染者发生IHCA的预测因素之一[12]。此类患者接受降压治疗后是否能降低发生IHCA的风险仍有待进一步研究。

3.4. 房颤

房颤是最常见的持续性心律失常,全世界约有3350万人患有房颤[23]。有证据表明房颤与突发心源性死亡之间存在关联,房颤患者是发生IHCA的高危人群[24]。有研究发现,房颤显著增加发生IHCA的风险,房颤患者发生IHCA的风险是其他患者的1.76倍[25]。其机制可能是:①患有房颤的患者往往本身就具有较为严重的心脑血管疾病[26]。②某些治疗房颤的药物可能导致心律失常,进而发生IHCA [27]。房颤患病率随年龄增长而增加,18至49岁人群的房颤患病率不足1%,90岁以上人群的房颤患病率则高达34% [26]。临床医师应更加重视对房颤患者的及时救治,以降低其发生IHCA的风险。

3.5. 慢性肾功能衰竭

多项研究表明,慢性肾功能衰竭可能会增加ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者(ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, STEMI)发生心脏骤停的风险,是STEMI患者发生IHCA的独立危险因素。一项涉及全美40670名STEMI患者的多中心研究显示,尽管近年来STEMI患者的IHCA发病率有下降趋势,但此类患者发生IHCA后致死率仍高达55% [20]。而在此研究中,有慢性肾功能衰竭病史者发生IHCA风险是无此病史者的1.68倍。即使在经PCI治疗后病情较为稳定的STEMI患者中,慢性肾功能衰竭同样是发生IHCA等不良心血管事件的独立预测因素[28]。除STEMI患者外,慢性肾功能衰竭也是西班牙裔和拉丁裔美国人突发心脏骤停的最强危险因素,慢性肾功能衰竭可使其突发心脏骤停的风险增加6.3倍之多[29]。由此可见,早期识别和治疗慢性肾功能衰竭可能是降低上述高危人群发生IHCA风险的有效措施。

4. 吸烟

吸烟可能会增加发生心脏骤停的风险。来自韩国的数据显示,吸烟者突发心脏骤停的风险是不吸烟者的1.39倍[30]。IHCA是急性心肌梗死最严重的并发症之一。有研究显示,在急性心肌梗死患者中,吸烟者突发心脏骤停的风险是不吸烟者的1.32倍[31]。目前最新的研究表明,戒烟可使发生心脏骤停的风险显著降低[32]。Song等[32]分析了吸烟对患有高血压、糖尿病和血脂代谢异常人群发生心血管事件的影响,结果发现,吸烟习惯与此类患者发生心血管事件的风险密切相关,戒烟可以显著降低其发生心脏骤停等心血管事件的风险。而且患有心血管疾病的患者戒烟后心血管疾病复发风险可降低约三分之一[33]。由此可见,宣传吸烟的危害,鼓励戒烟是降低IHCA发病率的重要措施。

5. 肥胖

肥胖使发生心脏骤停的风险明显增加。有研究显示,肥胖和超重均与发生不可除颤心律的IHCA密切相关,是初始节律为心室静止IHCA的独立危险因素[34]。最近有研究还发现,腹型肥胖是IHCA患者预后不佳的独立危险因素,腹型肥胖的IHCA患者神经预后不良和出院存活率也显著降低[35]。除此以外,持续的体重指数降低过快还可能增加糖尿病患者突发心脏骤停的风险[36]。所以,应宣传肥胖的危害,鼓励通过调整生活方式维持健康体重。

6. 社会经济状况

社会经济状况对IHCA发病率具有一定的影响。社会经济状况不佳、无医疗保险是患者在急诊科发生IHCA的独立危险因素[8]。良好的社会经济状况可能有利于降低发生IHCA的风险。有研究专门调查了社会经济状况对IHCA发病率的影响[37]。该研究收集了来自丹麦的3449例IHCA患者,从家庭收入、家庭资产和受教育程度等方面分析了社会经济状况对IHCA发病率的影响。结果发现,社会经济状况与IHCA的发病率呈负相关。家庭收入高的人群发生IHCA的风险降低55%,而接受过高等教育的人群发生IHCA的风险比其他人群低50%。来自韩国的研究也表明,受教育程度低的患者突发心脏骤停的风险是接受过高等教育人群的3.77倍[30]。而且,来自美国的大样本研究还发现,社会经济状况不佳可增加心脏骤停患者的死亡率[38]。由此可见,社会经济状况可能是影响IHCA发病率的重要因素之一。

7. 冬季

据报道,IHCA发病率具有明显的季节差异,冬季发生IHCA的风险最高,冬季是发生IHCA的独立危险因素[11]。该研究分析了15年间不同季节IHCA的发病情况,结果发现,中老年患者(年龄 > 45岁)发生IHCA的风险具有明显的季节差异,夏季发生IHCA的风险最低,冬季发生IHCA的风险最高、是夏季的1.13倍。冬季IHCA发病率增高的原因尚不完全清楚,可能与以下因素有关:①心血管疾病在冬季更易恶化;②严重的呼吸道感染在冬季更为高发;③冬季住院人数较多,医疗资源相对不足[11] [36] [39]。所以,根据季节变化合理分配医疗资源,在高危人群中接种针对呼吸道感染病原体的疫苗等,可能有助于降低冬季IHCA发病率。

8. 乘坐救护车入院

不同入院方式的患者IHCA发病率具有显著差异。Valderrama等[8]研究发现,由救护车送入医院是患者在急诊科发生IHCA的独立危险因素。采用这种方式入院的患者发生IHCA风险是其他患者的12倍,且发生IHCA以后死亡率也更高。台湾地区的数据也表明,由救护车送入医院是急诊科患者发生IHCA的独立危险因素,其原因可能与由救护车送入医院的患者往往病情更重有关[40]。因此,对于由救护车送入医院的患者,临床医生应该及时处理,避免病情的进一步恶化。

9. 急诊滞留时间延长

急诊滞留时间延长可能是又一发生IHCA的独立危险因素。来自韩国的大样本研究表明,随着急诊滞留时间的延长,发生IHCA的风险显著增加[41]。该研究发现,在急诊科滞留超过12小时的患者,发生IHCA的风险是急诊停留时间小于3小时患者的4.97倍。急诊滞留时间长的患者更易发生IHCA可能与以下因素有关:①在急诊滞留时间长的患者往往病情更为严重;②急诊科拥堵是急诊滞留时间延长的原因之一,而急诊科拥挤本身也可增加患者发生IHCA的风险[42]。基于此,应缩短急诊滞留时间以尽量降低发生IHCA的风险。

10. 结语

综上所述,成人IHCA的发生受多种危险因素影响,其发病率因国家和地区而异,可能与不同地域人群发生IHCA的危险因素存在差异有关。进一步研究IHCA的危险因素对于更加精准化、个体化预测患者发生IHCA的风险十分重要。临床医生也应对筛查目前已知的相关危险因素更加重视,以降低高危患者发生IHCA的风险。

基金项目

云南省基础研究计划昆医联合专项(202201AY070001-103);昆明医科大学第二附属医院院内临床研究项目(ynIIT2022008)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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