慢性胰腺炎的研究进展
Research Progress on Chronic Pancreatitis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551608, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 李金璠, 禹 瑾, 罗昕昊, 王 滔, 吴 涛*:昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝胆胰外科四病区,云南 昆明
关键词: 慢性胰腺炎发病机制影像学诊断多学科治疗并发症Chronic Pancreatitis Pathogenesis Imaging Diagnosis Multidisciplinary Treatment Complications
摘要: 慢性胰腺炎是多种因素导致胰腺组织结构和功能出现不可逆的持续性损害的病理状态,其主要特点是胰腺组织的炎症反应及纤维化,可引起慢性疼痛、胰腺内外分泌功能障碍、生活质量下降以及预期寿命缩短。近年来,该病的发病率呈上升趋势。目前慢性胰腺炎诊断的金标准仍存在争议,诊断时应优先选择影像学检查(CT或MRI),只有在CT或MRI无法明确诊断或需要进行内镜介入治疗时,才建议使用内镜超声技术。慢性胰腺炎的管理强调多学科协作,包括评估病因、症状控制、处理并发症等。如果患者的症状难以控制或存在恶变的可能,应及时采取进一步治疗措施。
Abstract: Chronic pancreatitis is a pathological condition caused by various factors, leading to irreversible and persistent structural and functional damage to the pancreatic tissue. Its main characteristics include pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, which can result in chronic pain, endocrine and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, reduced quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. In recent years, the incidence of this disease has been on the rise. Currently, there is still controversy regarding the gold standard for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis. Imaging examinations (CT or MRI) should be the preferred diagnostic method, and endoscopic ultrasound is only recommended when CT or MRI cannot provide a definitive diagnosis or when endoscopic intervention is required. The management of chronic pancreatitis emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, including the assessment of etiology, symptom control, and management of complications. If patients' symptoms are difficult to control or there is a risk of malignant transformation, further therapeutic measures should be promptly implemented.
文章引用:李金璠, 禹瑾, 罗昕昊, 王滔, 吴涛. 慢性胰腺炎的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 2192-2201. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551608

1. 前言

慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis, CP),是多种因素导致胰腺组织结构和功能发生不可逆持续性损害的病理状态,这种损害会显著降低患者的生活质量和生存预期[1] [2]。在世界范围内,慢性胰腺炎的发病率约为9.62/10万,死亡率约为0.09/10万,男女发病率之比约为2:1,目前我国尚未见报道全国性慢性胰腺炎流行病学调查报告。相关研究表明,我国慢性胰腺炎的发病率虽然低于欧美国家,但呈现逐年上升趋势,这可能与生活方式的改变和酒精消耗量的增加有关[3]-[5]

与欧美国家相比,中国慢性胰腺炎患者的病因谱存在显著差异,酒精因素相对较低,而胆道疾病和特发性因素比例较高。这些差异需要在制定治疗策略时予以充分考虑。中国患者对不同治疗方案的经济承受能力也是一个关键问题。例如,虽然内镜超声引导下介入治疗在胰腺假性囊肿管理中效果显著,但Ng等人的研究指出,这类技术在不同地区的普及程度和应用效果存在差异,需要充分考虑医疗资源配置和技术水平[6]。此外,中国患者对长期药物治疗的依从性往往受到传统观念和中医药偏好的影响。Li等人的综述强调了传统中医药在胰腺疾病治疗中的潜在价值,包括抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节作用,为中西医结合治疗慢性胰腺炎提供了理论基础[7]。Gurusamy等人的系统评价表明,虽然普瑞巴林在慢性胰腺炎疼痛管理中有效,但药物相关不良反应发生率较高,这在药物选择依从性较低的中国患者群体中尤其需要考虑。中国慢性胰腺炎患者的随访管理也面临挑战,农村地区的患者尤其如此。因此,建立适合中国国情的慢性胰腺炎分级诊疗体系和长期随访机制,对于提高治疗效果和患者预后至关重要[8]

2. 病因及发病机制

慢性胰腺炎病因复杂多样,常见原因有胆道系统疾病、酒精、代谢障碍、遗传因素、吸烟、解剖结构异常、自身免疫等[9]。慢性胰腺炎的发病机制尚不明确,目前主流的假说可大致分为五类。

2.1. 导管假说

导管假说强调了胰管在慢性胰腺炎发病机制中的核心作用,阐述了多种可能导致胰腺损伤的机制:胰管内蛋白栓、结石等阻塞各级胰管,引起胰管内压力升高进而形成胰腺慢性炎症和纤维化;胆汁、十二指肠液反流进入胰管内直接损伤胰管;自身免疫介导的胰管损伤[10]

2.2. 腺泡假说

腺泡假说认为酒精及其代谢产物可以直接损伤胰腺腺泡细胞,或通过改变胰腺腺泡细胞对某些激素的敏感性间接损伤胰腺腺泡细胞,同时酒精还会刺激星状细胞分泌细胞外基质[11] [12]

2.3. 双重损伤假说

双重损伤假说从疾病进展的多个阶段来阐述慢性胰腺炎的发病机制,腺泡细胞中异常激活的胰酶引起胰腺自我消化从而导致急性胰腺炎,如果急性胰腺炎较为严重,胰腺组织内浸润的巨噬细胞会激活星状细胞,而氧化应激通过这些被巨噬细胞激活的星状细胞使胰腺组织发生纤维化。这类假说将急性胰腺炎与慢性胰腺炎的发病机制联系起来,也在一定程度上解释了慢性胰腺炎发生纤维化的原因[13] [14]

2.4. 氧化应激理论

氧化应激理论认为,在慢性胰腺炎中,有毒物质或有毒代谢产物会引起氧化应激反应损伤胰腺组织,主要原因是内源性抗氧化物谷胱甘肽不足,持续的氧化应激使得胰腺组织及功能发生不可逆的损伤。在携带PRSS1或SPINK1基因突变的人群中,腺泡细胞持续暴露于微量胰蛋白酶的环境中,进一步消耗谷胱甘肽的储备,这种机制为进一步研究基因突变与慢性胰腺炎之间的关系提供了新的思路[14]-[16]

2.5. 多因素假说

这类假说认为不同的致病因素通过不同的途径共同损伤胰腺组织,同时还强调了缺血在慢性胰腺炎进程中的作用[17]

综上所述,这些假说并非相互排斥而是相互补充,共同构成“机制–表型”关联的级联体系:基础假说(导管/腺泡/氧化应激)解析特定病理环节,双重损伤假说架起基因–环境桥梁,多因素假说则提供系统视角。导管假说以胰管梗阻引发的腺泡损伤为核心[9],可解释胰管结石或先天畸形病例,但对无导管扩张的特发性患者解释力不足;腺泡假说聚焦酶原过早激活导致的自我消化,虽阐明酒精直接毒性机制,却无法回答为何多数酗酒者不发病;坏死–纤维化假说将急慢性病程视为连续谱系[18],契合急性复发患者的病理转归,但难以覆盖无急性发作史的30%病例;氧化应激理论从分子层面解析酒精/烟草的致病通路[19],然而单纯抗氧化治疗未能突破临床疗效瓶颈,提示需联合干预策略。更具整合性的双重损伤假说,通过遗传易感性与环境暴露的交互作用解释个体差异,但其基因–环境剂量效应仍需大样本验证;而当前主流的多因素假说将遗传、代谢、免疫等要素纳入动态网络模型,虽完美兼容临床异质性,却因机制过于复杂导致靶点难以聚焦[20]。这些理论并非对立,而是临床实践中需根据表型特征(如胰管扩张、酗酒史、急性发作史)反推主导机制,实施分层干预(如戒酒 + 抗氧化 + 胰酶替代)。未来研究应通过多组学整合量化机制权重,开发跨通路靶向药物(如ROS/星状细胞双抑制剂),最终实现从“分型诊断”到“精准干预”的转化突破。

3. 临床表现及并发症

3.1. 腹痛

腹痛是临床上最突出的症状,多位于中上腹或左上腹,可放射至腰背部,疼痛发作时可伴有恶心、呕吐。疼痛可分为三型:在疾病早期出现的间歇性发作的剧烈腹痛(A型),间歇性发作之间持续存在的慢性疼痛(B型),无剧烈发作的慢性重度疼痛(C型)。在我国,80%以上的慢性胰腺炎患者表现为间歇性腹痛(A型),5%表现为持续性腹痛(B型),10%无腹痛的症状,相关研究表明慢性疼痛可能与外周和中枢神经敏化有关[21]-[25]

3.2. 胰腺外分泌功能障碍相关症状

在疾病早期,胰腺外分泌功能障碍可无任何临床症状,随着疾病的进展至晚期可出现脂肪泻,长期脂肪泻会导致:体重减轻、肌肉量减少、脂溶性维生素(A、D、E和K)缺乏、维生素B12及其他微量营养素(如锌和镁)缺乏。慢性炎症状态、维生素D以及维生素K缺乏常常会导致骨密度降低或骨质疏松,使骨痛和低能量骨折的风险增加。慢性胰腺炎与全因死亡率的增加相关[26]-[30]

3.3. 胰腺内分泌功能障碍相关症状

在疾病晚期,胰岛细胞数量减少,胰岛素分泌不足,慢性胰腺炎的患者可能出现糖耐量异常、胰源性糖尿病即3c型糖尿病[31] [32]

3.4. 并发症

慢性胰腺炎患者可并发胰腺假性囊肿、胆总管狭窄、十二指肠梗阻、胰源性门静脉高压、胰源性胸腹水等。长期随访研究显示,慢性胰腺炎患者在确诊后8年的随访期内约有1.3%发展为胰腺恶性肿瘤[5]

4. 实验室及辅助检查

4.1. 实验室检查

4.1.1. 胰腺外分泌功能的检测

与急性胰腺炎不同,慢性胰腺炎缺乏标准的的实验室检查指标来协助诊断。内镜下胰腺功能检测、促胰液素–缩胆囊素试验等直接检测法可直观地评估胰腺的外分泌功能,但由于这类检查具有侵入性且费用高昂,临床开展受限。粪便弹性蛋白酶检测、碳13混合三酰甘油呼气试验、血清胰蛋白酶等间接检测法也可检测胰腺外分泌功能,这类检查无创、成本较低且便于动态观察,在临床上应用相对广泛,但通常在腺泡细胞大量损伤(>90%)时才会出现胰腺外分泌功能障碍的显著临床表现,故间接检测法诊断慢性胰腺炎的敏感度较低[1] [33]

4.1.2. 胰腺内分泌功能的检测

空腹血糖(≥7.0 mmol/L)、随机血糖(≥11.1 mmol/L)、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(2 h血糖 ≥ 11.1 mmol/L)均可用于诊断糖尿病。可通过检测胰岛B细胞自身抗体、胰多肽水平与3c型糖尿病相鉴别[32] [34]

4.1.3. 基因检测

具有慢性胰腺炎的临床表现或高度怀疑慢性胰腺炎但病因不明的患者,尤其是年轻患者群体,可以考虑进行基因检测。对于那些具有慢性胰腺炎相关症状但病因尚未明确的患者,通过基因检测可以确定其体内出现功能异常的基因、细胞类型以及相关机制,能为后续的诊断提供更具针对性的检查方式(比如针对CFTR基因突变患者进行的氯离子汗液检测),虽然在某些情况下,通过基因检测明确诊断可能不会对当时的治疗方案产生直接影响,但它能够避免患者反复接受耗时耗力、具有创伤性且费用昂贵的诊断性检查。而且确定患者的遗传学病因还可以为疾病晚期或病情持续恶化患者采取更激进治疗方案提供决策依据,比如全胰腺切除联合胰岛自体移植[35]

4.2. 影像学检查

4.2.1 CT/MRI/MRCP

在一项大型Meta分析中,CT、MRI和EUS的敏感性和特异性没有显著差异,所以考虑到成本、可及性、侵入性和客观性,推荐CT和MRI作为诊断慢性胰腺炎的首选检查和一线检查[33] [36]。慢性胰腺炎在CT和MRI上的特征性表现包括胰腺结石、胰腺钙化、胰管扩张和胰腺萎缩等,同时也能显示其并发症,如胰腺假性囊肿、胆管狭窄以及十二指肠梗阻等[19]。MRCP在胰管和胆管的显示上具有优势,但对胰腺钙化的显示存在局限性[37]

4.2.2. 内镜超声(EUS)

由于其侵入性和特异性不足,只有在CT/MRI/MRCP检查后诊断仍不明确的情况下,才建议使用此项检查[33]

4.2.3. 经内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)

由于缺乏高质量随机对照试验的证据支持,ERCP尚不能取代CT、MRI、MRCP或内镜超声,成为慢性胰腺炎诊断的一线检查手段,且因其是有创性操作,临床上一般用来治疗胰管结石或胰管狭窄[33] [38]

4.2.4. 经胰泌素增强的磁共振胆胰管成像(s-MRCP)

在CT、MRI、MRCP、超声内镜(EUS)、经内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)等一线辅助检查都无法确诊慢性胰腺炎时,可以考虑行胰泌素增强的磁共振胆胰管成像,其原理是胰泌素刺激胰腺分泌更多的胰液,使胰腺组织、胰管、十二指肠内的液体增加,表现为胰腺组织T2加权像信号、胰管、十二指肠充盈程度的改变。早期慢性胰腺炎胰管扩张可能不明显,普通MRCP可能不易观察,而s-MRCP能更准确地识别早期慢性胰腺炎。借助s-MRCP对十二指肠充盈度进行量化,有助于评估胰腺外分泌功能。由于s-MRCP检查成本较高,这限制了其在临床实践中的普及应用[39]-[41]

4.3. 病理组织检查

当患者的临床症状以及胰腺内外分泌功能检查结果高度提示存在慢性胰腺炎,但影像学检查未能得出明确诊断时,可将组织学检查作为确诊的最终依据[26]。虽然内镜超声引导下细针活检技术的广泛应用使得获取胰腺组织进行组织学分析变得更加安全和方便,但研究表明,就诊断慢性胰腺炎而言,即使成功获取了胰腺组织标本,与一线检查手段相比,组织学检查的敏感性并无明显优势[42]-[45]

5. 诊断

目前我国诊断慢性胰腺炎主要依靠影像学及组织学检查,影像学的特征性表现有胰管结石、胰腺钙化、主胰管或分支胰管不规则扩张等,组织学检查特征性表现有胰腺实质萎缩、纤维化等。影像学检查作为最佳的初始诊断手段,其优势在于既便捷又普遍适用,同时能够提供客观的检查结果,并且这些结果具有良好的重复性。诊断慢性胰腺炎的金标准一直存在争议。要明确的诊断,通常需要进行多维度的评估,包括暴露风险的分析、遗传易感性的筛查、影像学检查、胰腺内/外分泌功能检测等。在慢性胰腺炎的诊断过程中,详尽的病史采集和全面的体格检查至关重要,因为它们直接影响验前概率的评估准确性和临床判断的可靠性,进而决定着整个诊断的方向[5] [33]

6. 治疗

6.1. 一般治疗

一般治疗主要依靠调整生活方式,包括戒烟戒酒、合理饮食、适当运动。

6.2. 内科治疗

6.2.1. 急性发作期的处理

慢性胰腺炎急性发作的治疗与急性胰腺炎类似,需要采取多学科协作(Multidisciplinary Team, MDT)模式。治疗手段包括禁食、抑制胃酸分泌、抑制胰酶分泌、液体复苏、维持器官功能、镇痛、营养支持、合理使用抗生素等,同时需要针对不同病因采取相应措施(如伴有胆总管梗阻或急性胆管炎的患者可急诊行ERCP),还需关注腹腔间隔室综合征的预防和处理[46]

6.2.2. 外分泌功能障碍的治疗

外分泌功能障碍治疗的核心是外源性胰酶替代治疗(pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, PERT),它能够有效缓解临床症状、增强脂肪的消化吸收能力、维持体内脂溶性维生素和微量元素的平衡,降低消化不良的各种并发症(例如骨质疏松、低能量骨折等)发生风险,从而改善患者的整体生活质量[33]

6.2.3. 糖尿病的管理

糖尿病治疗方案的选择需要个体化,对可能存在胰岛素抵抗的患者,在无禁忌症的情况下,可以优先考虑二甲双胍治疗,当口服药物治疗效果欠佳时,可转为胰岛素治疗。对于伴有严重营养不良的患者,应直接选择胰岛素作为治疗方案。治疗过程中需要特别关注低血糖风险[47]

6.2.4. 疼痛管理

疼痛是慢性胰腺炎患者频繁就医、丧失工作能力的主要原因[1]。过度饮酒可能诱发或加重慢性胰腺炎的腹痛疼痛,部分患者可能通过戒酒即可有效缓解腹痛,但是临床上还应考虑患者长期戒酒的困难和早期治疗慢性胰腺炎的必要性[33]。镇痛药物的使用是循序渐进的,遵循三阶梯止痛原则,首先应选用非阿片类药物,首选非甾体抗炎药,例如布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚等,适用于轻至中度疼痛,副作用相对较小,但长期或大剂量使用需防胃肠、肾脏副作用;若非甾体抗炎药控制疼痛的效果不理想,则可选用弱阿片类药物,例如曲马多、可待因等,使用时应注意副作用(如恶心、便秘、嗜睡),老年患者慎用;中重度顽固性疼痛,尤其在保守及内镜等措施均无效时可考虑使用强阿片类药物,例如吗啡、羟考酮、芬太尼等,长期使用需注意成瘾性、耐受性、便秘及其他不良反应。神经调节药物例如抗抑郁药(如阿米替林)及抗惊厥药(如加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林),可作为辅助药物改善神经性疼痛或顽固疼痛,也能改善患者情绪和痛感体验[48] [49]。抗氧化剂可能对缓解腹痛有效。因胰管梗阻(如狭窄、结石)引起的疼痛,可考虑内镜介入治疗。内科治疗和介入治疗效果不佳时,可考虑手术方案,特别是对于存在主胰管扩张的患者,手术治疗在中长期疼痛控制方面优于内镜治疗[5] [49] [50]

6.2.5. 内镜介入治疗

内镜介入治疗在慢性胰腺炎的治疗中发挥着重要作用,主要用于处理胰管结石、胰管狭窄、胆管狭窄等并发症。对于主胰管结石患者,可通过体外震波碎石术(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL)联合ERCP取石。这些微创治疗方法能有效改善患者症状,提高生活质量[51]-[53]

6.3. 外科治疗

6.3.1. 手术指征

经过内科和介入治疗后,疼痛症状仍然难以控制的患者;内科或介入治疗效果不理想的并发症(胆管或十二指肠梗阻、胰腺假性囊肿、胰瘘等);怀疑发生恶变的患者;多次介入治疗失败的患者。手术方案的制定需要遵循个体化原则,综合考虑多个因素,包括疾病病因、胰管情况、胰腺及周围器官组织的病变特点、并发症情况以及当地医疗机构的医疗水平等[5]

6.3.2. 切除术式

标准胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)或保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术(Pylorus-Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy, PPPD)主要适用于胰头部炎性肿块并伴有胆胰管梗阻或疑似恶变的患者。胰体尾切除则适用于病变局限于胰体尾部的患者。对于胰腺颈体部的局限性病变,可选择中段胰腺切除。应谨慎考虑全胰切除术,因为该术式的术后并发症多,患者术后生活质量差,若确实需要行全胰切除术,条件允许时应实施自体胰岛移植[5] [33]

6.3.3. 引流术式

主要是胰管空肠侧侧吻合,适用于主胰管扩张或有结石但无明显炎性肿块的患者[5] [33]

6.3.4. 切除 + 引流联合术式

主要包括Beger术及其改良术式、Frey术、Izbicki术和Berne术。联合术式在保留重要解剖结构的同时,既能切除病变组织又能实现胰管引流。各种术式各有其适应证和优势,目标是在缓解症状的同时最大限度保留胰腺功能[54] [55]

7. 预后

慢性胰腺炎是一种慢性进展性疾病,部分患者的病情能够保持相对平稳,预后较好;部分患者则会持续恶化,最终可能导致胰腺的内分泌和外分泌功能丧失,甚至存在发展为胰腺癌的风险,一旦发展为胰腺癌则预后极差[5]

基金项目

云南省肝胆胰外科微创治疗创新团队(云南省科学技术厅–高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项) (项目编号:202405AS350021)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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