民法典视角下居住权制度的理论构建与实践适用

Theoretical Construction and Practical Application of the Right to Residence System from the Perspective of the Civil Code

摘要: 居住权作为一种新型用益物权，具有专属性、保障性和人身依附性的本质特征，其在民法典中的设立体现了对特定人群居住需求的法律回应。在立法设计上，居住权制度采取“合同 + 登记”的二元结构，形成了较为完整的规范体系，但在合同内容、登记规则、遗嘱设立等方面仍存在制度缺憾。居住权的设立与消灭涉及多重法律关系，尤其是特殊主体居住权设立及权利转让继承问题，需要通过类型化思维加以解决。在实践适用层面，居住权面临权利冲突协调、实施障碍破解、司法保护强化等多重挑战，需要构建体系化的解决方案。完善居住权制度应当从细化立法规则、统一司法标准、创新实施机制等维度入手，实现制度的可预期性与可操作性，充分发挥其社会保障功能与财产配置功能，为实现“住有所居”的民生目标提供有力的法律支撑。

Abstract: As a new type of usufructuary right, the right of residence has essential characteristics of specificity, security, and personal attachment. Its establishment in the Civil Code reflects a legal response to the housing needs of specific groups of people. In terms of legislative design, the right to housing system adopts a binary structure of “contract + registration”, forming a relatively complete regulatory system. However, there are still institutional deficiencies in terms of contract content, registration rules, and will establishment. The establishment and termination of the right of residence involve multiple legal relationships, especially the establishment of the right of residence for special subjects and the transfer and inheritance of rights, which need to be solved through typological thinking. At the practical application level, the right to housing faces multiple challenges such as coordinating conflicts of rights, resolving implementation obstacles, and strengthening judicial protection, requiring the construction of a systematic solution. The improvement of the right to housing system should start from the dimensions of refining legislative rules, unifying judicial standards, and innovating implementation mechanisms, to achieve the predictability and operability of the system, fully play its social security and property allocation functions, and provide strong legal support for achieving the goal of “having a place to live” in people’s livelihoods.