倾向性评分匹配分析他汀类药物对卒中后癫痫的影响
Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of the Effect of Statins on Post-Stroke Epilepsy
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1551662, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 董志远, 王 雁*:青岛大学附属医院神经内科,山东 青岛;于 跃:青岛市市立医院康复科,山东 青岛
关键词: 卒中后癫痫危险因素他汀类药物倾向性评分Post-Stroke Epilepsy Risk Factors Statins Propensity Score
摘要: 目的:应用倾向性评分方法分析卒中急性期(7天内)他汀类药物对卒中后癫痫的影响并进行验证。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月青岛大学附属医院及青岛市立医院收治的5477例脑梗死患者的病例资料,最终入组患者3069例,其中123例出现卒中后癫痫。以123例癫痫患者为癫痫组,其余患者为对照组,先后进行单因素、多因素分析,将有统计学意义的因素纳入倾向性评分匹配。以急性期(7天内)应用他汀类药物为因变量,癫痫发作为自变量。以年龄、性别、高血压等基线资料及多因素回归分析中卒中严重程度(NIHSS评分)、卒中相关性感染(stroke-associated infection, SAI)、心源性栓塞、他汀类药物等有统计学意义的指标为匹配变量,卡钳尺度为0.2 SD,以1:1的比例进行匹配。通过构建多因素Logistic回归模型分析卒中后癫痫发作的危险因素及他汀类药物对卒中后癫痫患者的影响。结果:匹配前皮层受累、卒中严重程度(NIHSS评分)、心源性栓塞型卒中、急性期(7天内)未应用他汀类药物、SAI、早发性痫性发作、NLR是卒中后癫痫发作的危险因素,癫痫组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。匹配后倾向性得分在是否服用他汀类药物间分布基本均衡,本次匹配较为成功,PSM后,共匹配得到47对,共94例。各项混杂因素在他汀与非他汀组间差异无统计学意义,分布平衡(P > 0.05),PSM后的变量分析显示,应用他汀类药物与卒中后癫痫发生显著相关。停用他汀类药物的患者更容易出现PSE (OR = 4.110; 95%CI = 1.229~13.750, P = 0.022)。结论:急性期(7天内)未应用他汀类药物与卒中患者癫痫发生具有相关性,是卒中后癫痫的独立危险因素。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the impact of statins on post-stroke epilepsy during the acute phase (within 7 days) using propensity score matching and validate the results. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 5477 patients with cerebral infarction who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January 2019 to June 2020. A total of 3069 patients were ultimately included in the study, of which 123 developed post-stroke epilepsy. The 123 epilepsy patients were classified into the epilepsy group, and the remaining patients served as the control group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, and statistically significant factors were included in the propensity score matching. Statin use during the acute phase (within 7 days) was set as the dependent variable, and epilepsy occurrence was the independent variable. Baseline characteristics such as age, gender, hypertension, and statistically significant indicators from multivariate regression analysis, including stroke severity (NIHSS score), stroke-associated infection (SAI), cardiogenic embolism, and statin use, were used as matching variables. The caliper scale was set at 0.2 SD, and a 1:1 matching ratio was applied. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the risk factors for post-stroke epilepsy and the impact of statins on post-stroke epilepsy patients. Results: Before matching, cortical involvement, stroke severity (NIHSS score), cardiogenic embolism type of stroke, non-use of statins during the acute phase (within 7 days), SAI, early-onset epileptic seizures, and NLR were identified as risk factors for post-stroke epilepsy, with significant differences between the epilepsy group and the control group (P < 0.05). After matching, the distribution of propensity scores between statin use and non-use groups was balanced, indicating successful matching. After propensity score matching (PSM), 47 matched pairs (94 cases) were obtained. No statistically significant differences in confounding factors were found between the statin and non-statin groups, and the distribution was balanced (P > 0.05). The analysis of variables after PSM showed that statin use was significantly associated with the occurrence of post-stroke epilepsy. Patients who discontinued statins were more likely to experience post-stroke epilepsy (OR = 4.110; 95% CI = 1.229~13.750, P = 0.022). Conclusion: Non-use of statins during the acute phase (within 7 days) is associated with the occurrence of epilepsy in stroke patients and is an independent risk factor for post-stroke epilepsy.
文章引用:董志远, 于跃, 王雁. 倾向性评分匹配分析他汀类药物对卒中后癫痫的影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(5): 2641-2652. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1551662

1. 引言

缺血性卒中是导致老年人残疾和死亡的主要原因之一[1],而脑卒中,被认为是老年人群中最常见的癫痫病因,在60岁以上的患者中,卒中后癫痫占新诊断癫痫的30%~50% [2] [3]。卒中后癫痫(post-stroke epilepsy, PSE)作为缺血性卒中后常见并发症,会延长卒中患者的住院时长,是导致患者残疾甚至死亡率增高的重要原因[4],而大约5%~10%的卒中幸存者患有PSE [5],因此确定PSE的危险因素至关重要。既往研究显示卒中类型、卒中严重程度、梗死部位及大小、年龄均为PSE的相关危险因素[6]-[11],多中心Meta分析显示[12],早发性癫痫发作的危险因素有脑梗死出血转化、卒中严重程度、皮层受累,而晚发性癫痫发作的危险因素主要是卒中的严重程度和皮层受累的范围。当前指南和专家共识[13]对于PSE的一级预防均不推荐抗癫痫药物(anti-epilepsy drug, AED)的应用。将现有的药物重新应用于临床预防PSE似乎是较好的选择。

他汀类药物作为缺血性脑卒中二级预防的关键性药物,除具有降脂效果以外,在既往研究中显示可起到降低PSE的发生风险[14] [15]。在2015年Guo等人[16]的研究结果首次表明急性期(7天内)应用他汀类药物可显著降低早发性痫性发作的发生风险。然而,他汀类药物在降低缺血性卒中后癫痫风险的效果仍存在争议,且可能受药物类型、患者人群和卒中亚型影响[17]

鉴于他汀类药物能否降低PSE发生风险尚存争议,本研究纳入2个中心的AIS患者的相关医疗数据,通过PSM均衡混杂因素,研究他汀类药物与PSE之间的相关性,旨在加深对PSE发生风险的了解,增加他汀类药物降低PSE风险的相关临床证据,从而对卒中患者PSE风险分层、提高患者生存质量提供帮助。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾调查2019年6月至2020年6月青岛大学附属医院及青岛市立医院收治的5477例脑梗死患者的病例资料,随访至少2年,末次随访时间为2024年9月。

纳入标准:(1) 符合《中国急性缺血性卒中诊治指南(2023)》中诊断标准并经影像学检查证实;(2) 癫痫定义符合国际抗癫痫联盟2017年提出的诊断标准;(3) 年龄 ≥ 18岁;(4)卒中发生与入院时间间隔 ≤ 2周。

排除标准:(1) 既往诊断过癫痫或存在痫性发作病史;(2) 相关家族癫痫遗传病史;(3) 既往可能导致癫痫的合并症(颅脑外伤或手术、颅内占位性病变、颅内感染、中毒或代谢性脑病等);(4) 既往卒中病史;(5) 无法配合或拒绝参与随访;(6) 随访及住院过程中死亡;(7) 临床资料不全。

诊断标准:

(1) 急性缺血性卒中:符合《中国急性缺血性卒中诊治指南2023》的卒中诊断标准[18]:急性起病;出现部分或全面性神经缺损症状;影像学出现责任病灶或症状/体征持续24小时以上;排除非血管性病因;脑CT/MRI排除脑出血。

(2) 卒中后痫性发作(post stroke seizure, PSS)及卒中后癫痫:PSS是指卒中后一定时间内出现的癫痫发作,在确诊前需确定不存在既往癫痫病史,并排除其余脑部及全身系统性疾病,且脑电监测到痫性放电部位与卒中部位相同[13]。根据发病时间可将PSS划分为早发性痫性发作(卒中7天内发作) (early seizure, ES)和晚发性痫性发作(卒中7天后发作) (late seizure, LS)。既往流行病学显示ES复发的风险为33%,而LS的患者未来10年内再次出现癫痫发作的风险为75% [19]。因此,根据国际抗癫痫联盟的诊断标准[20]晚发性痫性发作即可诊断为PSE。

(3) 卒中相关性感染(stroke-associated infection, SAI):卒中相关性感染目前暂无统一的定义,根据既往研究诊断为卒中1周内发生的感染[21],包括肺部感染、尿路感染及其他感染。根据美国疾病与预防控制中心制定的医院感染诊断标准[22]判断各部位是否合并感染。

最终入组患者3069例,其中123例出现PSE。

2.2. 研究设计

患者特征分析资料主要来自于医疗记录,包含年龄、性别、病史、家族史、身高、体重、BMI、血生化指标、影像学资料等。以123例出现PSE的患者为癫痫组,其余患者为对照组,先后进行单因素、多因素分析。根据缺血性卒中急性期(7天内)是否应用他汀类药物将数据分为他汀组及非他汀组。为平衡两组间混杂因素,以他汀类药物为因变量,癫痫发作为自变量。将可能影响分析结果的变量作为协变量,卡钳尺度为0.2 SD,以1:1的比例进行匹配。通过构建多因素logistic回归模型分析卒中后癫痫发作的危险因素及他汀对卒中后癫痫患者的影响。

2.3. 数据收集

2.3.1. 基线数据收集

利用青岛大学附属医院的HIS系统和青岛市市立医院联众系统收集符合纳入标准患者的人口学资料、临床资料、实验室检查和影像学资料。

2.3.2. 随访资料收集

随访主要通过电话随访及电子病历系统查询患者的就诊记录。电话随访:应用既往验证过的癫痫筛查问卷[23] (见附录)进行电话随访,识别患者有无癫痫发作。相关病史由患者提供,对于有言语障碍、智能下降等不能正确提供病史者,则由家属或护工提供。电子病历系统查询患者就诊记录:通过电子病历系统回顾患者在随访期间的历次门诊和住院记录,查看是否曾诊断为癫痫。对于病历中未明确诊断的患者,将根据病程中的痫性发作记录、抗癫痫药物使用情况以及影像学和脑电图检查结果,并在排除其他可能导致继发性癫痫的原因后,最终由神经科医生评估是否符合癫痫的诊断标准。

2.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 27.0软件进行数据分析。连续变量首先进行正态性检验,符合正态分布时采用 x ¯ ±s 表示,差异分析采用t检验,非正态分布数据采用M(Q1, Q3)表示,并应用秩和检验进行组间比较;对分类数据使用Pearson卡方检验和Fisher精确检验。采用logistic回归分析卒中后癫痫发作的危险因素,并校正其他混杂因素的影响。P值均为双侧,P值 < 0.05认为有统计学意义。

2.5. 倾向性评分匹配

利用倾向性评分匹配平衡和控制混杂因素,以他汀类药物为因变量,将可能影响分析结果的变量作为协变量,卡钳尺度为0.2 SD,以1:1的比例进行匹配,协变量P值 > 0.05提示匹配成功。匹配成功后进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。

3. 结果

3.1. 匹配前癫痫组与对照组一般临床资料比较

3.1.1. 单因素分析

匹配前癫痫组患者合并房颤、CS、急性期未应用他汀类药物、皮层受累、SAI、ES比例、卒中严重程度(NIHSS评分)、NLR、CRP、DD水平明显高于非癫痫组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1

3.1.2. 多因素回归分析

以是否出现癫痫发作为因变量,影响PSE发作的单因素分析有统计学意义的指标包括合并房颤、CS、急性期(7天内)应用他汀类药物、SAI、NIHSS 评分、NLR、CRP、DD、ES为自变量进行多因素Logistic 回归分析。回归分析结果发现急性期(7天内)应用他汀类药物、NIHSS评分、CS、SAI、皮层受累、ES、NLR为PSE的独立危险因素(见表2)。

Table 1. Univariate analysis of factors influencing post-stroke seizures

1. 影响卒中后癫痫发作的单因素分析

癫痫组(n = 123)

非癫痫组(n = 2946)

c2/Z

P值

年龄

69 (54, 78)

66 (57, 74)

−0.336

0.737

性别

0.492

0.503

83 (67.5%)

1897 (64.4%)

高血压

89 (72.4%)

2036 (69.1%)

0.585

0.486

糖尿病

49 (39.8%)

930 (31.6%)

3.716

0.060

高脂血症

5 (4.1%)

154 (5.2%)

0.325

0.834

房颤

26 (21.1%)

164 (5.6%)

49.294

<0.001**

吸烟史

41 (33.3%)

884 (30.0%)

0.621

0.424

饮酒史

31 (22.2%)

718 (24.4%)

0.044

0.831

TOAST分型

110.535

<0.001**

LAA

20 (16.3%)

1303 (42.2%)

CS

20 (16.3%)

125 (4.2%)

NIHSS评分

5 (2, 10)

2 (0, 4)

−8.004

<0.001**

他汀

109 (88.6%)

2901 (98.7%)

70.384

<0.001**

SAI

47 (38.2%)

65 (2.2%)

435.302

<0.001**

皮层受累

60 (48.8%)

926 (31.4%)

29.337

<0.001**

ES

16 (13.0%)

24 (0.8%)

136.468

<0.001**

血同型半胱氨酸(mmol/L)

12.20 (10.62, 15.27)

11.79 (10.00, 14.46)

−0.934

0.350

DD (ng/ml)

360 (220, 545)

280 (190, 410)

−2.809

0.005*

NLR

2.61 (1.85, 5.22)

2.09 (1.56, 2.88)

−5.038

<0.001**

CRP (mg/L)

1.59 (0.50, 13.78)

0.79 (0.50, 2.84)

−4.054

<0.001**

白细胞计数(109/L)

6.58 (5.48, 9.03)

6.49 (5.44, 7.75)

−1.940

0.052

备注:*表示P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.001。LAA:大动脉硬化型;CS:心源性栓塞型;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;CRP:C-反应蛋白;NIHSS:美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表;SAI:卒中相关性感染;DD:D-二聚体;ES:早发性痫性发作。

Table 2. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing post-stroke seizures

2. 卒中后癫痫发作的多因素分析

癫痫组(n = 123)

非癫痫组(n = 2946)

β

标准误

OR (95%CI)

P值

CS

20 (16.3%)

125 (4.2%)

0.694

0.343

2.001 (1.022~3.919)

0.043*

NIHSS评分

5 (2, 10)

2 (0, 4)

0.114

0.026

1.118 (1.059~1.180)

<0.001**

他汀

109 (88.6%)

2901 (98.7%)

2.696

0.370

14.821 (7.171~30.633)

<0.001**

SAI

47 (38.2%)

65 (2.2%)

2.964

0.269

19.376 (11.428~32.852)

<0.001**

皮层受累

60 (48.8%)

926 (31.4%)

0.489

0.227

1.630 (1.044~2.544)

0.032*

NLR

2.61 (1.85, 5.22)

2.09 (1.56, 2.88)

0.092

0.039

1.096 (1.015~1.176)

0.019*

ES

16 (13.0%)

24 (0.8%)

1.793

0.512

6.006 (2.201~16.386)

<0.001**

备注:*表示P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.001。连续变量数据应用中位数[四分位距]表示,分类变量数据应用n(%)表示。缩写:OR :比值比;CI :置信区间;NIHSS:美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表;LAA:大动脉硬化型;CS:心源性栓塞型;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;SAI:卒中相关性感染;ES:早发性痫性发作。

3.2. 倾向性评分匹配

因急性期未应用他汀类药物的患者较少(53/3069),为了减少他汀组与非他汀组之间基线资料的不平衡性,本研究通过1:1倾向性评分匹配,以急性期未应用他汀患者为基准组,设置卡钳值为0.02,匹配前可能对结果存在影响的变量(除PSE外)为协变量进行匹配,成功匹配共47对94例患者。匹配后除PSE外其他变量在他汀与非他汀组间分布均衡,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (见表3)。

Table 3. Comparison of data between the statin group and non-statin group before and after PSM

3. 他汀组与非他汀组匹配前后组间资料比较

PSM前

PSM后

他汀组(n = 3016)

非他汀组(n = 53)

P值

他汀组(n = 47)

非他汀组(n = 47)

P值

年龄

66 (57, 74)

68 (55, 74)

0.935

70 (61, 79)

68 (55, 74)

0.198

性别

1949 (64.6%)

31 (58.5%)

0.386

28 (59.6%)

28 (59.6%)

1

高血压

2085 (69.1%)

40 (75.5%)

0.370

30 (63.8%)

36 (76.6%)

0.176

糖尿病

968 (32.1%)

11 (20.8%)

0.101

14 (29.8%)

8 (17.0%)

0.144

高脂血症

156 (5.2%)

3 (5.7%)

0.754

4 (8.5%)

2 (4.3%)

0.399

房颤

187 (6.2%)

3 (5.7%)

1

3 (6.4%)

3 (6.4%)

1

冠心病

431 (14.3%)

10 (18.9%)

0.325

9 (19.1%)

9 (19.1%)

1

吸烟史

911 (30.2%)

14 (26.4%)

0.651

12 (25.5%)

12 (25.5%)

1

饮酒史

739 (24.5%)

10 (18.9%)

0.421

8 (8.5%)

9 (19.1%)

0.789

TOAST分型

0.597

0.700

LAA

1297 (43.0%)

26 (49.1%)

22 (46.8%)

22 (55.3%)

CS

142 (4.7%)

3 (5.7%)

2 (4.3%)

2 (4.3%)

NIHSS评分

2 (0.4)

2 (0, 5)

0.760

2 (0, 4)

2 (0.5)

0.804

SAI

111 (3.7%)

1 (1.9%)

1

3 (6.4%)

1 (2.1%)

0.307

皮层受累

972 (32.2%)

14 (26.4%)

0.458

14 (29.8%)

12 (25.5%)

0.645

ES

38 (1.3%)

2 (3.8%)

0.151

3 (6.4%)

1 (2.1%)

0.307

血同型半胱氨酸(mmol/L)

11.80 (10.01, 14.50)

11.38 (9.40, 13.46)

0.273

11.60 (9.80, 13.25)

11.38 (9.40, 13.46)

0.967

DD (ng/ml)

290 (190, 410)

340 (170, 480)

0.090

280 (190.470)

340 (170, 480)

0.409

NLR

2.11 (1.56, 2.96)

2.31 (1.78, 2.84)

0.384

1.91 (1.44, 2.63)

2.31 (1.78, 2.34)

0.378

CRP (mg/L)

0.80 (0.50, 2.93)

2.10 (0.50, 5.75)

0.060

1.09 (0.50, 6.69)

2.10 (0.50, 5.75)

0.917

白细胞计数(109/L)

6.50 (5.45, 7.81)

6.33 (5.33, 7.20)

0.583

5.89 (4.75, 7.37)

6.33 (5.33, 7.02)

0.346

备注:对于连续变量,数据表示为中位数[四分位距],对于分类变量,数据表示为n(%)。缩写:LAA:大动脉硬化型;CS:心源性栓塞型;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;CRP:C-反应蛋白;NIHSS:美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表;SAI:卒中相关性感染;DD:D-二聚体;ES:早发性痫性发作。

3.3. 匹配后分析

3.3.1. PSM后单因素分析

PSM后进行癫痫组与对照组之间的单因素分析(见表4)。NIHSS评分、糖尿病、N急性期应用他汀类药物组间差异有统计学意义。

Table 4. Univariate analysis of factors influencing post-stroke seizures after PSM

4. PSM后影响卒中后癫痫发作的单因素分析

癫痫组(n = 17)

非癫痫组(n = 77)

P值

年龄

61.00 (49.50, 71.00)

66.00 (56.50, 75.00)

0.176

性别

0.420

12 (70.6%)

45 (58.4%)

高血压

12 (70.6%)

52 (67.5%)

1.000

糖尿病

6 (35.3%)

9 (11.7%)

0.027*

高脂血症

0 (0%)

5 (6.5%)

0.581

房颤

2 (11.8%)

2 (2.6%)

0.148

吸烟史

3 (17.6%)

19 (24.7%)

0.754

饮酒史

2 (11.8%)

14 (18.2%)

0.728

TOAST分型

0.071

LAA

5 (29.2%)

42 (54.5%)

CS

2 (11.8%)

2 (2.6%)

NIHSS评分

4.00 (0.50, 9.50)

2.00 (0.00, 4.00)

0.029*

他汀

4 (23.5%)

43 (55.8%)

0.030*

SAI

1 (5.9%)

0 (0%)

0.181

皮层受累

7 (41.2%)

21 (27.3%)

0.259

ES

2 (11.8%)

2 (2.6%)

0.148

血同型半胱氨酸(mmol/L)

11.40 (11.09, 15.10)

11.60 (9.40, 13.62)

0.343

DD (ng/ml)

340.00 (160.00, 470.00)

320.00 (170.00, 480.00)

0.976

NLR

2.18 (1.90, 3.19)

2.09 (1.64, 2.47)

0.269

CRP (mg/L)

0.58 (0.50, 4.56)

1.20 (0.50, 4.11)

0.628

白细胞计数(109/L)

6.95 (6.23, 10.49)

6.33 (5.23, 7.02)

0.009*

备注:*表示P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.001。LAA:大动脉硬化型;CS:心源性栓塞型;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;CRP:C-反应蛋白;NIHSS:美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表;SAI:卒中相关性感染;DD:D-二聚体;ES:早发性痫性发作。

3.3.2. PSM后多因素分析

以是否出现癫痫发作为因变量,影响PSE发作的单因素分析有统计学意义的指标进行多因素分析,发现NIHSS评分、急性期应用他汀类药物为卒中后癫痫的独立危险因素(见表5)。

Table 5. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing post-stroke seizures after PSM

5. PSM后多因素分析

癫痫组(n = 17)

非癫痫组(n = 77)

β

标准误

OR (95%CI)

P值

NIHSS评分

4 (0.5, 9.5)

2 (0, 4)

0.150

0.061

1.161 (1.031~1.308)

0.013*

他汀

4 (23.5%)

43 (55.8%)

1.413

0.616

4.110 (1.229~13.750)

0.022*

匹配后的logistic回归分析显示,急性期应用他汀类药物与PSE发生显著相关。他汀类药物在缺血性卒中急性期(7天内)的应用可降低PSE的发生风险(OR = 4.110, 95%CI = 1.229~13.750, P = 0.022)。

4. 讨论

癫痫作为缺血性卒中较严重的并发症之一,会显著降低患者的生存质量[24],提高致残率和死亡率[25]。随着老龄化社会的步入和医疗技术的进步,PSE的发生率呈上升趋势。探究PSE的危险因素及可能机制对降低社会负担、推动研究进展、实现精准医疗具有重要意义。

4.1. 他汀类药物的使用和PSE

目前缺血性卒中患者的治疗以抗血小板、他汀类药物治疗为主[26] [27],在预防PSE发作方面对抗癫痫药物的应用仍保持不推荐的意见[28]。因此现有药物的多效性再利用可作为PSE的预防策略之一。

一项纳入7项研究(共22,849例患者)的荟萃分析[29]表明应用他汀与未应用他汀类药物的卒中患者相比,使用他汀类药物的患者未来发生癫痫的风险显著降低(OR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.31~0.73, P < 0.001),与本研究结果相一致。本研究通过癫痫组与对照组之间的分析,发现急性期(7天内)应用他汀类药物与PSE发生风险降低有关。在此基础上进行倾向性评分匹配,在平衡混杂因素后仍得出相同结论。

既往研究中表明,他汀类药物可能通过保护血脑屏障[30]、减轻神经递质的兴奋性毒性[31]、调节信号通路[32]以及抑制细胞炎症[33]等起到脑保护作用。动物研究表明,他汀类药物可保护皮质神经元免受继发于兴奋性毒性的损伤,防止癫痫发作[34]。此外另一项研究设计了阻断先天免疫CD1d/NKT细胞轴的小鼠PTE底切(UC)模型[35],发现利用辛伐他汀阻断CD1d/NKT细胞轴的UC小鼠模型体内的中性粒细胞浸润明显减少,NLR水平降低,UC小鼠创伤后癫痫发作风险明显降低。

4.2. 局限性与展望

4.2.1. 局限性

(1) 随访过程中可能存在其他因素如低血糖、电解质紊乱等引起癫痫发作的患者,不能在数据中排除;

(2) 本研究为回顾性研究,只能给出明确相关依据,无法证实其因果关系;

(3) 存在其他影响患者他汀类药物应用的因素,如吞咽困难等,不能进行相关因素分析。

4.2.2. 展望

PSE发生机制复杂,既往研究中存在较多的混杂因素,部分产生了支持他汀类药物剂量–反应梯度的证据,显示他汀类药物治疗的强度/剂量越高,保护性关联就越强[36]。一项前瞻性研究[37]表明,在缺血性卒中急性期增加他汀类药物治疗的剂量可降低PSE的发生率(双倍剂量组0.41% VS 标准剂量组2.54%,P = 0.039)。但部分研究未得出一致结果[38],目前证据多基于观察性研究,需更多的前瞻性研究和高质量对照试验进一步探索其可能的机制。未来的研究可倾向于他汀类型和剂量对PSE的预防作用。

伦理批准和知情同意

该研究通过青岛大学附属医院及青岛市立医院双中心临床研究伦理委员会审核,并以电话随访的方式获得患者或家属的口头知情同意。

作者声明

王雁、董志远、阳勇、于跃参与了研究设计,董志远、王雁参与了论文的写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意发表该论文,且均声明不存在利益冲突。

附 录

癫痫电话问卷

姓名: 登记号: 年龄: 入院日期:

您以前有过任何形式的癫痫发作/抽搐吗?(颅脑手术)

1

如果回答是

i

您在脑卒中前是否已经有过痫性发作/癫痫/抽搐症状?(如果是,排除)

ii

在您卒中发病后的2年内共经历过多少次痫性发作?

a

如果只有1次痫性发作:您在卒中发病多久后经历了这次痫性发作?

b

如果>1次痫性发作:您在卒中发病后多久经历了第一次痫性发作?您在经历了第一次痫性发作后多久出现了随后的痫性发作?

iii

您知道您癫痫发作的类型吗?

a

如果没有,是否有观察者目击到癫痫发作?

如果有,他们能解释癫痫发作期间发生了什么吗?

b

您在癫痫发作前有什么感觉?(例:正常、似曾相识)

c

您在癫痫发作后有什么感觉?(例:困倦/困惑,疲惫/困倦,虚弱,肌肉酸痛)

iv

您现在在吃什么药物?AED

2

如果回答否

i

您有经历过莫名其妙的昏迷或失去意识吗?

a

如果有(昏迷/意识丧失),持续了多长时间?

b

事发时周围还有其他人吗?

c

他/她能描述当您失去意识时发生了什么吗?

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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