隧道火灾逃生情况对防火门压力影响的研究

Study on the Influence of Tunnel Fire Escape Situations on the Pressure of Fire Door

摘要: 隧道火灾中的人员逃生安全与防火门压力动态响应密切相关，而现有设计标准对防火门布局与加压送风系统的协同机制缺乏系统性指导。本研究以直线型隧道逃生通道为对象，通过建立三维流体动力学模型，结合加压送风量、防火门间距及开启位置等参数，系统分析不同逃生场景下防火门压力分布规律。研究采用数值模拟方法，设计6种防火门开启模式进行探究。结果表明：当开启的防火门距离送风口超过临界范围时，门体最大压力达68.3~70.3 Pa，显著超出规范允许范围，可能导致门体无法开启；而靠近送风口的开启模式下压力值稳定于34.5~42.5 Pa，满足安全要求。此外，连续开启相邻防火门的开门阻力较间隔开启模式有所增加，表明在条件允许的情况下，逃生路径规划需优先分散门体开启位置。本研究旨在为隧道火灾安全设计提供理论支撑与工程参考。

Abstract: The safety of personnel escape in tunnel fires is closely related to the dynamic response of fire door pressure. However, the existing design standards lack systematic guidance on the coordination mechanism of fire door layout and pressurized air supply system. In this study, the linear tunnel escape channel is taken as the object. By establishing a three-dimensional fluid dynamics model, combined with parameters such as pressurized air supply volume, fire door spacing, and opening position, the pressure distribution law of fire doors under different escape scenarios is systematically analyzed. The research designs six kinds of fire door opening modes using numerical simulation methods. The results show that when the distance between the opening fire door and the air supply outlet exceeds the critical range, the maximum pressure of the door body reaches 68.3~70.3 Pa, which is significantly beyond the allowable range of the specification and may cause the door body to fail to open. The pressure value is stable at 34.5~42.5 Pa in the opening mode near the air supply port, which meets the safety requirements. In addition, the opening resistance of the continuous opening of adjacent fire doors is increased compared with the interval opening mode, indicating that the escape path planning needs to preferentially disperse the opening position of the door body when conditions permit. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical support and engineering reference for tunnel fire safety design.