隧道工程中的冻土地质灾害防治技术研究与应用

Research and Application of Permafrost Geological Disaster Prevention Technology in Tunnel Engineering

摘要: 冻土区隧道工程面临冻胀、融沉、冰椎等地质灾害的严峻挑战，其成因源于冻土温度场–应力场–渗流场的多场耦合作用，并受气候变化与工程热扰动的协同加剧。本研究通过理论分析、数值模拟与工程实证，系统构建了以热稳定性控制、冻土改良、结构优化及智能监测为核心的灾害防治技术体系：基于聚氨酯/XPS复合保温层与热管–通风协同的主动冷却技术，可将基底冻土温度波动幅度降低，冻胀变形量减少；化学固化与注浆–冻结联合物理加固技术，抑制冻胀率；柔性衬砌与可变形接头的结构设计，结合抗冻胀基底与温控排水系统，使冻胀应力集中系数下降；物联网监测平台通过多源传感器与机器学习模型，实现灾害72小时预警。典型工程案例表明，青藏铁路风火山隧道运营20年累计融沉量仅8 cm，俄罗斯贝阿铁路隧道冰椎灾害发生率降低，加拿大北极隧道碳减排。然而，长期运营中材料老化、冻土退化与极端气候的叠加效应仍需通过数字孪生与动态维护策略应对。未来研究将聚焦自供能传感、多场耦合智能预警及低碳制冷技术，推动冻土隧道工程向自适应、可持续方向演进，为寒区重大基础设施的安全建设与运维提供科学支撑。

Abstract: Tunnel engineering in permafrost regions face severe challenges from geological disasters such as frost heave, thaw settlement, and ice wedging. These issues arise from the multi-field coupling effects of temperature, stress, and seepage fields in permafrost, exacerbated by climate change and thermal disturbances to engineering structures. This study systematically constructs a disaster prevention technology system centered on thermal stability control, permafrost improvement, structural optimization, and intelligent monitoring through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering validation: an active cooling technology based on polyurethane/XPS composite insulation layers and heat pipe-ventilation synergy can reduce the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in the base permafrost and decrease frost heave deformation; chemical curing combined with grouting-freezing physical reinforcement technology can suppress excessive frost heave rates; flexible lining and deformable joints, integrated with anti-frost heave bases and temperature-controlled drainage systems, can lower the concentration coefficient of frost heave stress; an IoT monitoring platform using multi-source sensors and machine learning models can achieve 72-hour disaster warnings. Typical engineering cases show that the cumulative thaw settlement in the Fenghuoshan Tunnel of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway over 20 years is only 8 cm, the incidence of ice wedging in the Baotou-Liaoyuan Railway Tunnel in Russia has decreased, and the Canadian Arctic Tunnel has achieved carbon reduction. However, material aging, permafrost degradation, and the combined effects of extreme weather still require digital twin and dynamic maintenance strategies for long-term operation. Future research will focus on self-powered sensing, multi-field coupled intelligent early warning, and low-carbon refrigeration technologies to promote the evolution of permafrost tunnel projects towards adaptability and sustainability, providing scientific support for the safe construction and operation of major infrastructure in cold regions.