数字经济背景下新业态劳动者工伤保险缺失的制度困境与分层保障路径研究

Research on the Institutional Predicament of Missing Work Injury Insurance for Workers in New Business Forms in the Digital Economy and the Layered Protection Scheme

摘要: 数字经济催生的新业态劳动者(如网约车司机、外卖骑手)面临工伤保险缺失的制度性困境，其根源在于传统劳动关系认定标准滞后于平台用工的算法控制特征、工伤保险制度与零工经济非标准化形态脱节，以及平台责任规避与财政分担机制失灵。本文基于制度解构与国内外经验对比，提出分层保障路径理论框架：在基础保障层，构建按单动态缴费的职业伤害保障制度，通过按单计费、按月订单量申报缴费方式覆盖劳动关系模糊群体；商业补充层以财税激励引导平台购买订单关联型商业保险，满足个性化需求；责任绑定层通过立法明确平台缴费义务，并依托区块链技术穿透外包架构强化主体责任。

Abstract: Workers in New Business Forms catalyzed by the Digital Economy (e.g., ride-hailing drivers and food delivery riders) face an institutional predicament of missing work injury insurance, rooted in the lag of traditional employment relationship criteria behind the algorithmic control characteristics of platform work, the disconnection between the work injury insurance system and the non-standard forms of the gig economy, as well as platform liability evasion and the failure of the financial burden-sharing mechanism. Based on institutional deconstruction and comparative analysis of domestic and international experiences, this study proposes a theoretical framework for the Layered Protection Scheme: the Basic Protection Layer establishes a dynamic per-order contribution occupational injury protection system covering workers with ambiguous employment relationships through per-order billing and monthly order-based contribution declarations; the Commercial Supplement Layer employs fiscal and tax incentives to guide platforms in purchasing order-linked commercial insurance to meet personalized needs; the Liability Binding Layer legally mandates platform contribution obligations while utilizing Blockchain technology to penetrate outsourcing structures and strengthen primary liability.