维生素补充剂在偏头痛预防中的疗效研究进展
Progress in the Study of Vitamin Supplements for Migraine Prevention: A Comprehensive Review
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2025.43330, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 李 倩*, 吴冬梅*, 蒋兆雪, 赖力园, 龚思引, 余 震#:重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经内科,重庆
关键词: 维生素补充剂偏头痛治疗进展综述Vitamin Supplements Migraine Treatment Progress Review
摘要: 偏头痛是一种常见且复杂的神经系统疾病,具有高发病率和复发性,对全球社会经济和个人生活质量造成显著影响。目前,偏头痛的治疗和预防仍面临挑战,近年来随着临床营养学的发展,维生素补充剂作为一种非药物的治疗方法,在偏头痛预防中的潜在应用价值受到广泛关注。本文系统性回顾了维生素补充剂在偏头痛预防中的作用机制及临床研究进展,旨在为临床实践提供参考依据。
Abstract: Migraine is a common and complex neurological disorder, characterized by a high incidence rate and recurrence. It significantly impacts the global socioeconomic situation and individuals’ quality of life. Currently, the treatment and prevention of migraines still pose challenges. In recent years, with the development of clinical nutrition, vitamin supplements, as a non-pharmacological treatment method, have drawn extensive attention for their potential application value in migraine prevention. This article systematically reviews the mechanism of action and clinical research progress of vitamin supplements in migraine prevention, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.
文章引用:李倩, 吴冬梅, 蒋兆雪, 赖力园, 龚思引, 余震. 维生素补充剂在偏头痛预防中的疗效研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(3): 167-176. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.43330

1. 引言

偏头痛是一种常见的致残性疾病,其特征为单侧性搏动性头痛发作,可伴随对运动、视觉、听觉及其他感觉刺激的高敏感性[1]。它主要分为无先兆偏头痛和有先兆偏头痛两种类型,后者在头痛发作前或发作时可能伴随短暂的神经症状[2]。偏头痛据全球疾病负担2015报告显示,它是全球第三常见疾病,在50岁以下人群中已成为第三大致残原因,对社会经济和个人生活产生了深远影响[3]

偏头痛的病因复杂,其发病机制尚未明确,目前主流学说为三叉神经血管系统理论、氧化应激和扩散性去极化学说等[2] [4] [5]。偏头痛的治疗可分为急性期治疗和预防性治疗,对于大多数急性轻度或中度发作的偏头痛患者,使用非甾体抗炎药、对乙酰氨基酚和曲坦类等药物效果显著[6]。此外,CGRP受体拮抗剂、5-HT1F激动剂、神经调节等新兴治疗手段在偏头痛的急性期及预防性治疗上也受到关注[7]。虽然药物在偏头痛治疗中起着至关重要的作用,然而药物使用存在使用禁忌、体重改变、肝肾功能损害或嗜睡等可能的副作用[8],从而影响患者依从性。因此,探索副作用更小的治疗方法显得尤为重要。

近年来,天然、非药物治疗逐渐受到关注,其中维生素补充剂在某些研究中已显示出对偏头痛的治疗潜力。然而,关于维生素补充剂在偏头痛治疗中的具体机制、有效性等仍需进一步探讨。因此,本文就维生素补充剂在偏头痛预防中的作用机制及其临床应用价值展开综述,以期为临床实践提供参考。

2. 维生素在偏头痛治疗中的研究进展

偏头痛是一种复杂的神经系统疾病,其发病机制涉及多种途径和神经功能调节。近年来,维生素作为一种天然和较为安全的治疗手段,受到了广泛关注,其中维生素B族的研究较为丰富,在临床上已有证据级别较高的随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT)证实了其有效性。余维生素在观察性研究及小样本研究中亦有论证。本节将对各类维生素在偏头痛治疗中的研究进展展开综述。

2.1. 维生素A

维生素A在体内主要吸收形式为视黄醇,视黄醇经乳糜微粒运至肝脏,或结合视黄醇结合蛋白(Retinol Binding Protein, RBP)进入血浆并输送至组织,其重要代谢物有视觉色素关键成分视黄醛及调节细胞分化的视黄酸[9]。维生素A在既往研究中被认为参与了免疫与炎症介质的调节,它减少T细胞产生促炎介质IL-6和IFN-8,并促进IL-4等抗炎介质产生[10]。因维生素A对光和热敏感,准确测量难度较高,但体内维生素A以1:1比例结合RBP,然后转运到外周组织,故RBP成为了一种良好预测维生素A水平的标志物[11] [12]

基于美国全国健康与营养检查调查(NHANES)的研究发现,患有严重头痛或偏头痛的人群,其维生素A的摄入量相较于无偏头痛人群更少[13],针对女性的研究表明,以膳食钙、维生素A、维生素K等为特征的一种营养模式,与偏头痛残疾评估(Migraine Disability Assessment, MIDAS)呈负相关[14],意味着维生素A可能对预防偏头痛有积极影响。一项观察性对照研究表明,偏头痛患者血清中运输维生素A的RBP水平显著低于对照组,而炎性水平标志物(C反应蛋白)水平高于对照组[15]。由此推测,维生素A缺乏与偏头痛发病在炎症相关机制方面可能有潜在联系,补充维生素A或许有助于控制偏头痛发作。但以上研究均为观察性研究,我们期待未来能有高质量RCT研究,为维生素A治疗偏头痛的疗效提供高级别证据。

2.2. 维生素B

2.2.1. 维生素B1

维生素B1是一种水溶性维生素,在生物体内主要以硫胺素及焦磷酸硫胺素的形式存在并作为酶的辅因子参与代谢和能量产生[16]。其中硫胺素作为线粒体代谢中能量产生的重要辅酶[17],可能与偏头痛发作机制中线粒体能量功能障碍理论存在紧密联系。

在一项病例对照研究中,Faraji等人发现偏头痛患者硫胺素摄入量与偏头痛发作的严重程度呈负相关,但关联并不具有统计学意义[18]。在1951年,就有维生素B1治疗偏头痛的病例报道[19],2016年亦有对缺乏维生素B1的两名慢性偏头痛女性患者进行补充后,患者相关症状得到明显改善的报道[20]。近期,一项2022年开展的一项每组纳入20例患者的RCT研究进一步表明,维生素B1治疗组较安慰剂组每月发作频率平均减少两次,MIDAS评分方面治疗前后平均减少3.53分,提示对预防偏头痛具有积极作用[21]。但目前针对维生素B1与偏头痛关系的相关研究数量相对有限。未来需要对维生素B1治疗偏头痛进行更大规模的高质量研究,以对于对维生素B1与偏头痛之间的潜在机制仍需进一步明确。

2.2.2. 维生素B2

维生素B2又称核黄素,参与人体三羧酸循环,在线粒体功能和细胞能量的产生重要作用。研究表明线粒体能量代谢缺陷可能与偏头痛的发病机制相关,而维生素B2通过改善线粒体功能、发挥抗炎性和抗谷氨酸作用[22] [23],可能在偏头痛缓解中发挥作用。

对成人偏头痛患者的两项临床研究,均采用了400 mg/d的核黄素进行治疗。其中一项研究显示,经过六个月的治疗,尽管头痛的持续时间和强度并未出现显著变化,但是患者的头痛频率从原来的每月4天显著下降至每月2天[24],另一项研究中,补充组发作频率中位数每月减少3次[25],这些发现均表明高剂量的核黄素对成人预防偏头痛具有积极效果。在儿童群体中,有两项回顾性研究为这一结论提供了进一步的支持。其中一项研究发现,在使用10 mg/d或40 mg/d的核黄素后,有25名(36.7%)患者头痛发作频率减少了50%或以上[26],另一项研究使用100 mg或200 mg/d治疗,42名患者中61.9%的头痛频率减少了50%以上[27]。然而另两项儿童群体的RCT研究则呈现了不同的结果。一项研究中,尽管使用200 mg/d的核黄素治疗,但在主要和次要结局变量上,核黄素组和安慰剂组之间并未表现出显著差异[28],另一项采用50 mg/d核黄素的随机、安慰剂对照、双盲交叉试验也未观察到明显的预防作用[29]。补充维生素B2 (核黄素,400 mg/d)三个月后,能够显著改善成年偏头痛患者的发作天数、持续时间、频率以及疼痛评分[30]。对于儿童人群,一项荟萃分析指出,维生素B2可以降低儿童偏头痛发生频率,但对减轻偏头痛疼痛指数无明显影响,这项研究未探讨最佳儿童使用剂量[31]。目前对于维生素B2治疗偏头痛的研究,使用的剂量有显著差异,尤其是在成年人群和儿童人群中使用的剂量差异大。虽然荟萃分析指出,400 mg/d的剂量能显著改善成年偏头痛患者的发作程度,但是对于儿童人群使用最佳剂量和疗效目前尚无探讨。未来研究需要对不同人群适用的具体剂量及有效性进一步研究论证。

2.2.3. 维生素B6、维生素B9和维生素B12

维生素B6、维生素B9 (又称叶酸)和维生素B12均为水溶性维生素,共同作为辅因子参与同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)的代谢[32]。目前有研究认为Hcy水平增高与偏头痛的发生密切相关,尤其是在有先兆偏头痛患者中[33] [34]

Hcy是蛋氨酸的代谢产物,在体内主要通过两条途径代谢[35]。一是再甲基化途径:依赖维生素B12的蛋氨酸合酶催化Hcy再甲基化为蛋氨酸。在这个过程中,叶酸作为甲基供体,将5-甲基四氢叶酸(叶酸的活性形式)中的甲基传递给Hcy,使其重新转化为蛋氨酸。亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)催化亚甲基四氢叶酸还原为甲基四氢叶酸[36],进一步促进这一再甲基化过程;二是转硫途径:依赖维生素B6的胱硫醚β-合成酶催化Hcy转化为胱硫醚,随后在胱硫醚酶的作用下,胱硫醚进一步转化为半胱氨酸,后者是人体内重要抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽的前体。这两条途径共同维持了体内Hcy的平衡。因此缺乏维生素B6、维生素B9和维生素B12可能引起高同型半胱氨酸,而补充该类维生素可能有助于预防偏头痛发生或减轻发作强度[37] [38]

1) 维生素B6

研究发现,患有偏头痛的人群中维生素B6、维生素B9以及维生素B12摄入量与偏头痛呈负相关[13] [39]。一项基于NHANES的研究也表明,大剂量补充维生素B6 (维生素B6,摄入量 ≥ 2.39 mg/d)和维生素B9 (叶酸,摄入量 ≥ 502.01 µg/d)可能有助于预防偏头痛的发作[40]。一项RCT研究的结果显示,补充维生素B6可以作为发作性偏头痛女性的有效预防性治疗手段[21]。但一项纳入66例先兆偏头痛患者的RCT研究表明,维生素B6干预组偏头痛发作频率干预前后变化为−2.41 ± 1.58 (mean ± SD),P = 0.480,无统计学意义[41]。我们推测两项研究结论不同,可能与纳入的偏头痛人群性别和类型存在差异相关。尽管观察性研究对于维生素B6在偏头痛预防中的有益关联提供了可能的有效剂量,但RCT研究针对不同偏头痛人群仍得出不同的结果,因为未来的研究需要进一步将受试者进一步细化,以明确维生素B6治疗偏头痛可能收益的潜在人群。

2) 维生素B9

近年来,过往多项RCT研究对干预组使用含维生素B9的复合维生素 B 展开研究。结果显示,对于偏头痛患者中携带亚MTHFR基因位点改变,尤其是携带C等位基因的人群而言,补充维生素B9能缓解偏头痛[42] [43]。另一些研究使用含维生素B9和维生素B12的复合物补充剂预防偏头痛,其结果表明该类补充剂可有效预防偏头痛发作[21] [38] [44]。其中Lea等人(2009年)的RCT研究中,使用2毫克维生素B9、25毫克维生素B6和维生素B12治疗偏头痛,使治疗组Hcy降低了39%,且相较对照组偏头痛得到缓解[38]。但另一项研究(2016年)使用1毫克维生素B9和同等剂量维生素B6和维生素B12的补充剂治疗,结果显示治疗组偏头痛残疾程度、严重程度或发作频率的百分比没有显著降低[45]。这两项研究表明,维生素B9剂量在降低Hcy水平和偏头痛相关症状方面起着核心作用,且维生素B9治疗偏头痛疗效可能与患者是否存在MTHFR基因位点改变相关。未来的研究中我们期待对于偏头痛患者是否存在MTHFR基因位点研究的亚组分析,以及进一步明确维生素B6、B9、B12单独使用、它们之间联合或与其他营养素或药物联合使用时,是否能产生协同增效作用的进一步探索。

3) 维生素B12

早在1951年,一项在14名偏头痛患者中的观察性研究便发现,应用维生素B12作为预防治疗后,14名患者中2名报告了良好疗效[46]。近二十年后,荷兰进行了一项双盲、安慰剂对照试验,29名偏头痛患者中4名患者报告了良好疗效[47]。这些早期研究表明,维生素B12在减轻偏头痛发作可能有一定的效果。直到2002年,荷兰研究者对19名偏头痛患者进行了进一步研究,每日通过鼻腔给予1毫克的羟钴胺(维生素B12前体物质)治疗3个月后,患者偏头痛发作频率、每月偏头痛天数以及每月急性治疗药物的使用次数均有减少[48]。在一项使用镁及维生素B12复合制剂作为试验组的随机安慰剂对照试验中,复合补充剂组也显示出较好的预防效果[49]。另一项每组16名患者的维生素B12与安慰剂对照的RCT研究中,偏头痛每月发作频率平均减少3次,显示出良好预防疗效[21],这进一步验证了维生素B12在偏头痛预防中可能具有潜在应用价值。尽管现有研究表明维生素B12在偏头痛预防和治疗中具有潜在的积极作用,但目前的研究仍存在样本量较小、研究设计的多样性的差异,未来的研究需基于更大样本量和相似的设计方案下探讨维生素B12的疗效及最佳剂量。

2.3. 维生素C

维生素C又称抗坏血酸,作为一种重要的抗氧化剂,在神经元内发挥其抗氧化功能,表现出显著的神经保护作用,通过降低神经毒性、降低氧化应激和延缓神经退行性病变等机制与多种神经系统疾病相关[50]。皮质扩散抑制被认为是偏头痛先兆潜在病理机制[4],其参与了三叉神经系统的氧化应激,从而诱发偏头痛发作[51]。因为推断维生素C可能通过其抗氧化特性,作为预防偏头痛发作的一种潜在治疗选择[52]

据统计,膳食维生素C摄入量与偏头痛呈负相关[53]。早在1978年,Bali等学者报道了一例6年偏头痛病史的男性,在接受维生素C补充治疗后得到显著缓解的案例[54]。此后,多项临床研究均表明维生素C在偏头痛治疗中的有效性[55]-[58]。其中一项非随机试验和一项随机双盲试验使用了含有维生素C的复合制剂[55] [58],以及一项针对月经相关性偏头痛患者进行的维生素C与安慰剂对照的随机临床研究[56],均报告了对于偏头痛预防的良好改善结局。目前的研究中对于月经相关性偏头痛这一亚型进行了探讨,但对于偏头痛整体人群的研究尚无单一制剂的高级别证据,且相关研究的样本量较小,未来我们期待对于偏头痛及其亚型的深入研究以评估维生素C的疗效。

2.4. 维生素D

维生素D是一种通过皮肤合成和饮食摄取的脂溶性维生素,人体中主要以维生素D2和维生素D3两种形式存在,其水平通常通过检测血清中的25-羟维生素D(25(OH)D)浓度来评估[59]。维生素D可能通过多种机制对偏头痛治疗发挥作用,包括抑制细胞增殖和血管生成,调节炎症因子、前列腺素E2和一氧化氮的产生或释放等[60]-[63]

部分研究发现,偏头痛患者维生素D的较低水平与偏头痛相关[64]-[66],也有研究表明偏头痛与血清25(OH)D之间无显著关联[67] [68]。关于补充维生素D对偏头痛的影响,研究结果也不尽一致。一些临床研究表明,在补充维生素D后偏头痛患者症状得到改善[60] [69]-[72],但另也有研究未观察到明显的疗效[73]。目前共有六项荟萃分析围绕维生素D补充剂对偏头痛的治疗效果展开探究。在这些研究中,五项研究成果均表明维生素D能够显著减少偏头痛的发作频率[74]-[78]。另一项纳入儿童及成年人群的网状Meta分析提示,与安慰剂相比,维生素D不能显著降低偏头痛发作频率(SMD = −0.88, 95% CI: −1.81 to 0.04) [79]。研究结果的差异,可能与研究对象的年龄、维生素D的剂量以及其他干预因素有关。综合目前研究结果,维生素D仍存在潜在应用价值,但其使用剂量、疗程等,仍需进一步研究提供依据。

2.5. 维生素E

维生素E又称生育酚,是一种脂溶性维生素,具有抗氧化特性。研究表明,偏头痛可能与氧化应激与皮质扩散去极化相关[51] [80]。其中月经相关性偏头痛的机制与雌激素水平的急剧下降和前列腺素释放相关[81]。维生素E通过作用于磷脂酶A2和环氧合酶来抑制花生四烯酸的释放和花生四烯酸向前列腺素的转化[82],从而改善偏头痛症状。

目前的研究表明,维生素E在偏头痛治疗中有一定的潜在效果。一项横断面研究发现,人群维生素E摄入量与偏头痛发生呈现负相关[83]。多项使用含有维生素E的抗氧化剂预防偏头痛的试验表明,维生素E可以降低头痛的频率和严重程度[55] [58] [84],这进一步支持了其在偏头痛治疗中的潜在作用。另一些针对月经相关性偏头痛的研究也显示,维生素E可有效缓解症状[56] [85],但维生素E预防偏头痛的研究中,大多样本量较小或与月经相关性偏头痛相关,限制了结果的普适性。因此在大量人群中进一步研究,可能有助于确定维生素E治疗偏头痛的具体疗效。

3. 结论

偏头痛是人群中常见且对患者生活质量产生严重影响的疾病,偏头痛患者可长期使用且安全有效的方案仍需探索。本文通过综述维生素补充剂在偏头痛治疗中的研究进展,旨在偏头痛治疗中为临床实践提供更多的选择性。

通过现有研究可以推测,维生素补充剂在偏头痛预防中具有潜在应用价值,然而目前研究大多样本量较小(样本量 < 100例),且缺乏较为统一的给药剂量和疗程,特别是维生素B族在成人及儿童人群中使用剂量存在较大差异,这些研究设计的异质性可能导致研究结论的稳定性及临床疗效可重复性受限。

鉴于以上局限性,未来研究需在样本量更大、研究设计更统一且周期更长的研究中进一步探索不同人群的最佳剂量和疗效评估。同时,维生素补充剂选择较多,我们期待未来能有网状Meta分析等研究方法为临床提供一种最佳选择。此外,维生素补充剂作为一种药物的辅助治疗方案,建议未来研究中应关注到维生素补充剂与传统药物的联合应用,以提供更深入和贴近临床应用的见解。随着研究的深入,我们期待维生素补充剂未来能在偏头痛治疗中得到实际应用,为偏头痛治疗提供临床治疗方案。

致 谢

我要衷心感谢余震教授、吴冬梅老师及龚思引老师,从选题到定稿给出的专业指导。同时,也要感谢蒋兆雪和赖力园对本文进行修改和勘正。感谢为本文提供研究资料的学者。

资助项目

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(编号:82301774);重庆市自然科学基金博士后项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-BHX0657)。

NOTES

*共同第一作者:李倩,专业型硕士,Email: liqian2022lq@163.com;吴冬梅,博士,Email: wu19dongmei@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn.

#通讯作者:余震,博士,研究生导师,Email: 300274@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn

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