|
[1]
|
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A.L., Koskinas, K.C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., et al. (2019) 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. European Heart Journal, 41, 111-188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[2]
|
Böhm, M., Schumacher, H., Teo, K.K., Lonn, E.M., Mahfoud, F., Mann, J.F. and Yusuf, S. (2018) Achieved Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Patients: Results from ONTARGET and TRANSCEND Trials. The Lancet, 391, 1076-1084.
|
|
[3]
|
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group (1994) Randomised Trial of Cholesterol Lowering in 4444 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). The Lancet, 344, 1383-1389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[4]
|
Cannon, C.P., Braunwald, E., McCabe, C.H., Rader, D.J., Rouleau, J.L., Belder, R., et al. (2004) Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1495-1504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[5]
|
Steinberg, D. (2005) Thematic Review Series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. An Interpretive History of the Cholesterol Controversy: Part II: The Early Evidence Linking Hypercholesterolemia to Coronary Disease in Humans. Circulation, 111, 1933-1938.
|
|
[6]
|
Fruchart, J., Sacks, F., Hermans, M.P., Assmann, G., Brown, W.V., Ceska, R., et al. (2008) The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: A Call to Action to Reduce Residual Vascular Risk in Patients with Dyslipidemia. The American Journal of Cardiology, 102, 1K-34K. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[7]
|
Visseren, F.L.J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y.M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K.C., Bäck, M., et al. (2021) 2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Heart Journal, 42, 3227-3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[8]
|
Steg, P.G., Bhatt, D.L., Wilson, P.W.F., D’Agostino, R., Ohman, E.M., Röther, J., et al. (2007) One-Year Cardiovascular Event Rates in Outpatients with Atherothrombosis. JAMA, 297, 1197-1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[9]
|
Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., McCagg, A., White, J.A., Theroux, P., et al. (2015) Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2387-2397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[10]
|
Sharaf, B.L., Pepine, C.J., Kerensky, R.A., Reis, S.E., Reichek, N., Rogers, W.J., et al. (2001) Detailed Angiographic Analysis of Women with Suspected Ischemic Chest Pain (Pilot Phase Data from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation [WISE] Study Angiographic Core Laboratory). The American Journal of Cardiology, 87, 937-941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[11]
|
Arora, S., Stouffer, G.A., Kucharska-Newton, A.M., Qamar, A., Vaduganathan, M., Pandey, A. and SILVER-AMI Investigators (2022) Contemporary Outcomes in Older Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction: The SILVER-AMI Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 79, 837-848.
|
|
[12]
|
Marso, S.P., Daniels, G.H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J.F.E., Nauck, M.A., et al. (2016) Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 311-322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[13]
|
Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study Investigators (2021) Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the CRIC Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 32, 2021-2032.
|
|
[14]
|
Yusuf, S., Joseph, P., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Mente, A., Hystad, P., et al. (2020) Modifiable Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality in 155722 Individuals from 21 High-Income, Middle-Income, and Low-Income Countries (PURE): A Prospective Cohort Study. The Lancet, 395, 795-808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[15]
|
Jørgensen, A.B., Frikke-Schmidt, R., West, A.S., Grande, P., Nordestgaard, B.G. and Tybjærg-Hansen, A. (2012) Genetically Elevated Non-Fasting Triglycerides and Calculated Remnant Cholesterol as Causal Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction. European Heart Journal, 34, 1826-1833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[16]
|
Nordestgaard, B.G. and Varbo, A. (2014) Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease. The Lancet, 384, 626-635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[17]
|
Varbo, A., Benn, M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., Jørgensen, A.B., Frikke-Schmidt, R. and Nordestgaard, B.G. (2013) Remnant Cholesterol as a Causal Risk Factor for Ischemic Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61, 427-436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[18]
|
Nordestgaard, B.G., Langsted, A., Mora, S., Kolovou, G., Baum, H., Bruckert, E. and Remaley, A.T. (2020) Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable Concentration Cutpoints—A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. European Heart Journal, 41, 2313-2324.
|
|
[19]
|
Kronenberg, F. and Utermann, G. (2012) Lipoprotein(a): Resurrected by Genetics. Journal of Internal Medicine, 273, 6-30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[20]
|
Tsimikas, S. and Hall, J.L. (2012) Lipoprotein(a) as a Potential Causal Genetic Risk Factor of Cardiovascular Disease: A Rationale for Increased Efforts to Understand Its Pathophysiology and Develop Targeted Therapies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60, 716-721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[21]
|
Rader, D.J. and Hovingh, G.K. (2014) HDL and Cardiovascular Disease. The Lancet, 384, 618-625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[22]
|
Bergmark, C., Dewan, A., Orsoni, A., Merki, E., Miller, E.R., Shin, M., et al. (2008) A Novel Function of Lipoprotein [a] as a Preferential Carrier of Oxidized Phospholipids in Human Plasma. Journal of Lipid Research, 49, 2230-2239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[23]
|
Klezovitch, O., Edelstein, C. and Scanu, A.M. (2001) Stimulation of Interleukin-6 Production by Lipoprotein(a) in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: Involvement of Lipoxygenase-Derived Metabolites. Biochemical Journal, 357, 193-200.
|
|
[24]
|
Kamstrup, P.R., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., Steffensen, R. and Nordestgaard, B.G. (2009) Genetically Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA, 301, 2331-2339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[25]
|
Rohatgi, A., Khera, A., Berry, J.D., Givens, E.G., Ayers, C.R., Wedin, K.E., et al. (2014) HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Incident Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine, 371, 2383-2393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[26]
|
Barter, P.J., Caulfield, M., Eriksson, M., Grundy, S.M., Kastelein, J.J.P., Komajda, M., et al. (2007) Effects of Torcetrapib in Patients at High Risk for Coronary Events. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 2109-2122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[27]
|
Lincoff, A.M., Nicholls, S.J., Riesmeyer, J.S., Barter, P.J., Brewer, H.B., Fox, K.A.A., et al. (2017) Evacetrapib and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Vascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 1933-1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[28]
|
Rosenson, R.S., Brewer, H.B., Ansell, B.J., Barter, P., Chapman, M.J., Heinecke, J.W., et al. (2015) Dysfunctional HDL and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 13, 48-60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[29]
|
Sheedy, F.J., Grebe, A., Rayner, K.J., Kalantari, P., Ramkhelawon, B., Carpenter, S.B., et al. (2013) CD36 Coordinates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Facilitating Intracellular Nucleation of Soluble Ligands into Particulate Ligands in Sterile Inflammation. Nature Immunology, 14, 812-820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[30]
|
Menu, P. and Vince, J.E. (2011) The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Health and Disease: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 166, 1-15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[31]
|
Gage, J., Hasu, M., Thabet, M. and Whitman, S.C. (2012) Caspase-1 Deficiency Decreases Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28, 222-229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[32]
|
Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M. and Kishimoto, T. (2014) IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6, a016295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[33]
|
Koupenova, M., Clancy, L., Corkrey, H.A. and Freedman, J.E. (2018) Circulating Platelets as Mediators of Immunity, Inflammation, and Thrombosis. Circulation Research, 122, 337-351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[34]
|
Zick, Y. (2005) Ser/Thr Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins: A Molecular Basis for Insulin Resistance. Science’s STKE, 2005, pe4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[35]
|
Scheller, J., Chalaris, A., Schmidt-Arras, D. and Rose-John, S. (2011) The Pro-and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Cytokine Interleukin-6. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Cell Research, 1813, 878-888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[36]
|
Shoelson, S.E., Lee, J. and Goldfine, A.B. (2006) Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 1793-1801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[37]
|
Bornfeldt, K.E. and Tabas, I. (2011) Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycemia, and Atherosclerosis. Cell Metabolism, 14, 575-585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[38]
|
Rask-Madsen, C. and King, G.L. (2013) Vascular Complications of Diabetes: Mechanisms of Injury and Protective Factors. Cell Metabolism, 17, 20-33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[39]
|
Angiolillo, D.J., Fernandez-Ortiz, A., Bernardo, E., Ramírez, C., Sabaté, M., Jimenez-Quevedo, P., et al. (2005) Platelet Function Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease on Combined Aspirin and Clopidogrel Treatment. Diabetes, 54, 2430-2435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[40]
|
The ACCORD Study Group (2008) Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 2545-2559.
|
|
[41]
|
Hotamisligil, G.S. (2006) Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders. Nature, 444, 860-867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[42]
|
Ye, J. (2013) Adipose Tissue Vascularization: Its Role in Chronic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease. Annual Review of Physiology, 75, 525-545.
|
|
[43]
|
Bäckdahl, J., Franzén, L., Massier, L., Li, Q., Jalkanen, J., Gao, H., et al. (2021) Spatial Mapping Reveals Human Adipocyte Subpopulations with Distinct Sensitivities to Insulin. Cell Metabolism, 33, 1869-1882.e6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[44]
|
Zhu, W., Gregory, J.C., Org, E., Buffa, J.A., Gupta, N., Wang, Z., et al. (2016) Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk. Cell, 165, 111-124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[45]
|
Tang, W.H.W., Li, D.Y. and Hazen, S.L. (2018) Dietary Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome, and Heart Failure. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 16, 137-154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[46]
|
Bonello, L., Tantry, U.S., Marcucci, R., Blindt, R., Angiolillo, D.J., Becker, R., et al. (2010) Consensus and Future Directions on the Definition of High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity to Adenosine Diphosphate. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56, 919-933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[47]
|
Sibbing, D., Braun, S., Morath, T., Mehilli, J., Schömig, A. and Kastrati, A. (2017) Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69, 1424-1435.
|
|
[48]
|
Knuuti, J., Wijns, W., Saraste, A., Capodanno, D., Barbato, E., Funck-Brentano, C., et al. (2019) 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. European Heart Journal, 41, 407-477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[49]
|
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M., Corella, D., Arós, F., et al. (2013) Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 1279-1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[50]
|
Wilkinson, M.J., Manoogian, E.N.C., Zadourian, A., Lo, H., Fakhouri, S., Shoghi, A., et al. (2020) Ten-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight, Blood Pressure, and Atherogenic Lipids in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metabolism, 31, 92-104.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[51]
|
Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Merz, C.N.B., Brewer, H.B., Clark, L.T., Hunninghake, D.B., et al. (2004) Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation, 110, 227-239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[52]
|
Sabatine, M.S., Giugliano, R.P., Keech, A.C., Honarpour, N., Wiviott, S.D., Murphy, S.A., et al. (2017) Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 1713-1722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[53]
|
Schwartz, G.G., Steg, P.G., Szarek, M., Bhatt, D.L., Bittner, V.A., Diaz, R., et al. (2018) Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2097-2107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[54]
|
Ray, K.K., Wright, R.S., Kallend, D., Koenig, W., Leiter, L.A., Raal, F.J., et al. (2020) Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1507-1519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[55]
|
Tsimikas, S., Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E., Gouni-Berthold, I., Tardif, J., Baum, S.J., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., et al. (2020) Lipoprotein(a) Reduction in Persons with Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 244-255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[56]
|
Tardif, J., Kouz, S., Waters, D.D., Bertrand, O.F., Diaz, R., Maggioni, A.P., et al. (2019) Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 381, 2497-2505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[57]
|
Ridker, P.M., Everett, B.M., Thuren, T., MacFadyen, J.G., Chang, W.H., Ballantyne, C., et al. (2017) Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 377, 1119-1131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[58]
|
Ridker, P. M., et al. (2021) Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapy with Ziltivekimab in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Systemic Inflammation: Results from the RESCUE Trial. Circulation, 144, 1751-1761.
|
|
[59]
|
Gerstein, H.C., Colhoun, H.M., Dagenais, G.R., Diaz, R., Lakshmanan, M., Pais, P., et al. (2019) Dulaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (REWIND): A Double-Blind, Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 394, 121-130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[60]
|
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J.M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., et al. (2015) Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 2117-2128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[61]
|
Roopchand, D.E., Carmody, R.N., Kuhn, P., Moskal, K., Rojas-Silva, P., Turnbaugh, P.J., et al. (2015) Dietary Polyphenols Promote Growth of the Gut Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes, 64, 2847-2858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[62]
|
Plovier, H., Everard, A., Druart, C., Depommier, C., Van Hul, M., Geurts, L., et al. (2016) A Purified Membrane Protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the Pasteurized Bacterium Improves Metabolism in Obese and Diabetic Mice. Nature Medicine, 23, 107-113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[63]
|
Koeth, R.A., Wang, Z., Levison, B.S., Buffa, J.A., Org, E., Sheehy, B.T., et al. (2013) Intestinal Microbiota Metabolism of L-Carnitine, a Nutrient in Red Meat, Promotes Atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine, 19, 576-585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[64]
|
Morrow, D.A., Braunwald, E., Bonaca, M.P., Ameriso, S.F., Dalby, A.J., Fish, M.P., et al. (2012) Vorapaxar in the Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1404-1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[65]
|
Verhamme, P., Yi, B.A., Segers, A., Salter, J., Bloomfield, D., Büller, H.R., et al. (2021) Abelacimab for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism. New England Journal of Medicine, 385, 609-617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|