结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的影响因素研究进展
Advances in the Study of Influencing Factors for Anastomotic Leakage Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1561919, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 饶仕晗, 涂利文, 任 安, 刘骐源, 李俊昱, 李佳聪, 曾祥福*:赣南医科大学第一附属医院胃肠外科,江西 赣州
关键词: 吻合口漏结直肠癌影响因素Anastomotic Leakage Colorectal Cancer Influencing Factors
摘要: 吻合口漏是结直肠癌术后最棘手的并发症之一,对患者的死亡率、住院时长、再手术率、肿瘤复发率及长期生存率等等均有较大影响。常见的结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的影响因素包括术前放疗、术前营养、体质指数、性别、抗生素等等。了解结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的影响因素,可以帮助临床医生尽早发现并及时干预吻合口漏的发生和进展,这对促进患者术后恢复、提高患者生活质量、延长患者生命等均具有重要意义。本文简要对结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的相关影响因素进行综述,旨在了解相关影响因素,对医生临床工作提供帮助。
Abstract: Anastomotic leakage is one of the most difficult complications after colorectal cancer surgery, which has a great impact on the mortality rate, length of hospital stay, reoperation rate, tumor recurrence rate, and long-term survival rate. Common influencing factors of anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery include preoperative radiotherapy, preoperative nutrition, body mass index (BMI), gender, antibiotics, etc. Understanding the influencing factors of anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery can help clinicians detect and intervene in the occurrence and progression of anastomotic leakage as soon as possible, which is of great significance for promoting postoperative recovery, improving patients’ quality of life, and prolonging patients’ lives. This article briefly reviews the influencing factors of anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery, aiming to understand the relevant influencing factors and provide help for doctors’ clinical work.
文章引用:饶仕晗, 涂利文, 任安, 刘骐源, 李俊昱, 李佳聪, 曾祥福. 结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的影响因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(6): 1816-1821. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1561919

1. 引言

2022年全球癌症数据统计显示:结直肠癌新发人数达到190万人,而死亡人数约904,000人,是全球发病率第3的癌症(9.6%),其死亡率更是高居全球第2 (9.3%) [1],严重影响人类健康,消耗社会、医疗资源。目前,结直肠癌的治疗方法主要包括手术、化疗、放疗、靶向治疗等等,而其中手术被认为是结直肠癌的主要治疗方法[2]。随着术式的不断改良、吻合技术的不断改进以及新型器械的发明与应用,结直肠癌的手术治疗方法取得了重大进展。然而,术后的并发症是不可避免的,吻合口漏一直以来都是结直肠癌术后最棘手的并发症,对患者的死亡率、住院时长、再手术率、肿瘤复发率及长期生存率等等均有较大影响[3]。因此,尽早发现吻合口瘘的影响因素并对其及时进行处理对促进患者术后恢复、提高患者生活质量、延长患者生命等均具有重要意义。本文对近五年发表的与“结直肠癌术后吻合口漏”相关的及较为经典的国内外文献进行了相关综述,采用Pubmed检索器检索。

2. 吻合口漏的定义、诊断与分级

2.1. 吻合口漏的定义

国际直肠癌研究组(International Study Group of Rectal Cancer, ISREC)在2010年提出了吻合口漏的定义:结直肠或结肠–肛门吻合部位肠壁完整性缺陷导致腔内和腔外隔室之间的连通,吻合口附近的盆腔脓肿也被认为是吻合口漏[4]。这项定义获得了大部分专家的赞成(专家赞成率95.45%) [5],并一直沿用至今。

2.2. 吻合口漏的诊断、分级

2010年,ISREC提出了目前国际较为公认的吻合口漏分级方法,将直肠吻合口漏分为三级:A级吻合口漏(亚临床吻合口漏,也称作影像学吻合口漏)一般无临床症状,可能会出现引流管中浑浊或不洁的内容物,无需特殊治疗干预;B级吻合口漏需要积极的治疗干预,但无需手术即可控制;C级吻合口漏需要再次剖腹手术[4] [5];详见表1表2中列举了不同严重程度吻合口漏患者的典型临床特征。

Table 1. Anastomotic leak classification

1. 吻合口漏分级

分级

临床表现

A级

亚临床吻合口漏,也称作影像学吻合口漏,无临床症状;不需特殊治疗。

B级

表现为腹痛、发热,脓性或粪渣样引流物自肛门、引流管或阴道流出(直肠阴道瘘),白细胞及C反应蛋白升高;需保守治疗的吻合口漏。

C级

表现为腹膜炎、脓毒症,及其他B级吻合口漏的临床表现;吻合口瘘需要再次剖腹手术。

Table 2. Typical clinical features of anastomotic leak patients by severity

2. 不同严重程度吻合口漏患者的典型临床特征

A级

B级

C级

临床情况

良好

轻度/中度不适

严重受损

临床症状

腹部/盆腔疼痛,可能发热,化脓性/粪便性阴道分泌物(直肠阴道瘘),浑浊/脓性直肠分泌物

腹膜炎,败血症

引流管中的内容物(如有)

浆液(引流管中可能有浑浊或不洁的内容物)

浑浊/脓性(粪便)成分

粪便(脓性)成分

实验室检查

正常

白细胞增多,C-反应蛋白升高

白细胞增多,C-反应蛋白升高,可能因败血症而发生变化(如白细胞减少症)

影像学检查

小范围吻合口漏

吻合口漏可能有局部并发症 (如盆腔脓肿)

吻合口漏可能有全身并发症(如腹膜炎)

特异性治疗

抗生素,介入性引流,经肛门灌洗/引流

再次剖腹手术控制感染灶

3. 吻合口漏的影响因素

3.1. 术前因素

3.1.1. 术前放疗

Wei Jiang等人开展了一项涵盖207名患者的研究,研究将患者分为两组:术前化疗组和术前放化疗组,术前放化疗组的吻合口漏发生率显著高于术前化疗组[6]。P. Jestin等人的病例对照研究同样也显示术前放疗是发生吻合口漏的最重要危险因素[7]。Wei Jiang等人的研究表明这可能是因为放射治疗会导致细胞外基质中胶原蛋白的过度沉积和重塑,从而影响吻合的机械稳定性导致的吻合口漏[6]

3.1.2. 术前营养

Tomoaki Bekki等人的研究发现,术前营养指标(如C-反应蛋白/白蛋白比值和预后营养指数等)是癌症直肠切除术后吻合口漏发展的重要危险因素[10],而这些因素来源于血清C-反应蛋白和白蛋白水平,可能会影响癌症预后。Christos Tsalikidis等人也指出,电解质失衡、体重过度减轻和营养不良可能会影响愈合过程,从而导致术后并发症的发生,包括术后吻合口漏;术前血清白蛋白水平低(<3.5 gr/dL)也与患有结直肠癌的患者的吻合口漏风险增加有关[18]

3.1.3. 体质指数(Bady Mass Index, BMI)

Enesh Shiwakoti等人的研究表明,体质指数是结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素,研究结果显示,BMI ≥ 25的患者术后吻合口漏发生率约为BMI < 25患者的2倍[13]。Juan He等人的荟萃分析、Akira Toyoshima等人的研究亦证明了体质指数是结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素[17] [22]

3.1.4. 性别

Eugenia Claudia Zarnescu等人发现,男性是结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素[19]。Chungyeop Lee等人的发现与Eugenia Claudia Zarnescu等人不谋而合,Chungyeop Lee等人认为这是因为男性与女性的生理结构不同造成的,即使是相同性别的患者,也会因为个体生理结构差异、身体素质等等因素造成不同的结果[25]。这可能是因为男性骨盆较窄,术者在较窄的男性骨盆中进行吻合更加困难,故而术后吻合口漏的发生会增多;亦有可能是因为肠微循环中雄激素的影响,这可能与吻合口愈合有关。

3.1.5. 抗生素

H. M. Schardey进行了一项前瞻性、随机、双盲和安慰剂对照的试验,研究表明,实验组【术前第一天开始使用抗生素(多黏菌素、妥布霉素、万古霉素和两性霉素B)至术后第七天】,相较于安慰剂对照组,吻合口漏及感染相关并发症的发生率和严重程度均有明显降低[20]

3.1.6. 术前肠梗阻

Tingzhen Li等人的研究提示术前肠梗阻会增大结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的风险[23]。这可能是因为肠梗阻导致肠壁炎症水肿,吻合口较无肠梗阻患者更加脆弱,从而增大术后吻合口漏的风险。

3.1.7. 美国麻醉师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)分级

Nynke G. Greijdanus (MD)等人的研究指出,美国麻醉师协会分级与结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生有关[24]

3.1.8. 糖尿病

Maria Michela Chiarello等人指出,糖尿病患者的结直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生率较一般患者高[26]

3.2. 术中因素

3.2.1. 预防性造口

Maurizio Degiuli等人的研究发现,预防性造口并不会影响吻合口漏的发生,但显著降低了其严重程度[8]。但Xiang-nan Yu等人的研究则与之相反,他们将患者分为预防性造口组与非预防性造口组,研究发现预防性造口组的吻合口漏发生率明显低于非预防性造口组,且预防性造口组的吻合口漏严重程度亦低于非预防性造口组[9],Norbert Hu¨ser (MD)的研究亦表明预防性造口组的吻合口漏发生率较非预防性造口组低[16]。这可能是因为地域因素以及数据量不够所造成的差异,但他们的研究均提示预防性造口能够降低吻合口漏的严重程度。Tomoaki Bekki等人也指出,被确定为吻合口漏高危的患者可以考虑行预防性造口,以减少术后吻合口漏的发生和减轻术后吻合口漏的严重程度[10]

3.2.2. 盆腔引流管

K. C. M. J. Peeters等人的研究发现,术中放置盆腔(或腹腔)引流管能够明显减少术后吻合口漏的发生率,即使发生了吻合口漏,严重程度亦较未放置引流管的患者轻[11]

3.2.3. 切割闭合器使用数目

Tomokazu Kishiki等人的研究发现,切割闭合器的使用数目与患者术后吻合口漏的发生率呈正相关。切割闭合器使用数目 > 2的患者的吻合口漏发生率几乎达到了切割闭合器使用数目 ≤ 2的患者的4倍[14]。这可能是因为切割闭合器使用数目越多,则术后遗留的“狗耳”越多,而Yuanfeng Yang等人的研究发现,“狗耳”位置是结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的高发地区[15],故而造成吻合口漏发生率的升高。Yuanfeng Yang等人的研究还发现,术中使用改良术式(改良双吻合器技术)切除“狗耳”可以有效减少吻合口瘘的发生率,为患者带来更好的预后与生活质量[15]

4. 小结

结直肠癌术后吻合口漏会明显增加患者的局部复发率、降低局部无复发生存率、降低患者生活质量、降低患者无病生存期等等[12] [21],而了解其影响因素可以为临床医生诊疗工作提供参考,从而降低临床结直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生率,提高患者术后生活质量、延长患者术后生存期。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Soerjomataram, I., et al. (2024) Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74, 229-263.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
[2] 中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(2023版) [J]. 消化肿瘤杂志(电子版), 2023, 15(3): 177-206.
[3] Zhao, Y., Li, B., Sun, Y., Liu, Q., Cao, Q., Li, T., et al. (2022) Risk Factors and Preventive Measures for Anastomotic Leak in Colorectal Cancer. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 21, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15330338221118983
[4] Rahbari, N.N., Weitz, J., Hohenberger, W., Heald, R.J., Moran, B., Ulrich, A., et al. (2010) Definition and Grading of Anastomotic Leakage Following Anterior Resection of the Rectum: A Proposal by the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer. Surgery, 147, 339-351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.012
[5] 中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组. 中国直肠癌手术吻合口漏诊断、预防及处理专家共识(2019版) [J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2019, 22(3): 201-206.
[6] Jiang, W., Wang, H., Zheng, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, S., Zhuo, S., et al. (2022) Post-Operative Anastomotic Leakage and Collagen Changes in Patients with Rectal Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy vs Chemoradiotherapy. Gastroenterology Report, 10, goac058.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goac058
[7] Jestin, P., Påhlman, L. and Gunnarsson, U. (2008) Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Rectal Cancer Surgery: A Case‐Control Study. Colorectal Disease, 10, 715-721.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01466.x
[8] Degiuli, M., Elmore, U., De Luca, R., De Nardi, P., Tomatis, M., Biondi, A., et al. (2021) Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer (RALAR Study): A Nationwide Retrospective Study of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology Colorectal Cancer Network Collaborative Group. Colorectal Disease, 24, 264-276.
https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.15997
[9] Yu, X., Xu, L., Bin, Y., Yuan, Y., Tian, S., Cai, B., et al. (2022) Risk Factors of Anastomotic Leakage after Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer Patients. Current Medical Science, 42, 1256-1266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-022-2616-2
[10] Bekki, T., Shimomura, M., Adachi, T., Miguchi, M., Ikeda, S., Yoshimitsu, M., et al. (2023) Predictive Factors Associated with Anastomotic Leakage after Resection of Rectal Cancer: A Multicenter Study with the Hiroshima Surgical Study Group of Clinical Oncology. Langenbecks Archives of Surgery, 408, Article No. 199.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-023-02931-3
[11] Peeters, K.C.M.J., Tollenaar, R.A.E.M., Marijnen, C.A.M., Klein Kranenbarg, E., Steup, W.H., Wiggers, T., et al. (2005) Risk Factors for Anastomotic Failure after Total Mesorectal Excision of Rectal Cancer. Journal of British Surgery, 92, 211-216.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4806
[12] Peltrini, R., Carannante, F., Costa, G., Bianco, G., Garbarino, G.M., Canali, G., et al. (2022) Oncological Outcomes of Rectal Cancer Patients with Anastomotic Leakage: A Multicenter Case-Control Study. Frontiers in Surgery, 9, Article ID: 993650.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.993650
[13] Shiwakoti, E., Song, J., Li, J., Wu, S. and Zhang, Z. (2020) Prediction Model for Anastomotic Leakage after Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Resection. Journal of International Medical Research, 48, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520957547
[14] Kishiki, T., Kojima, K., Aso, N., Iioka, A., Wakamatsu, T., Kataoka, I., et al. (2022) Intraoperative Colonoscopy in Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Surgery Reduces Anastomotic Leakage. Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 6, 159-167.
https://doi.org/10.23922/jarc.2022-003
[15] Yang, Y., Ding, F., Xu, T., Pan, Z., Zhuang, J., Liu, X., et al. (2023) Double-Stapled Anastomosis without “Dog-Ears” Reduces the Anastomotic Leakage in Laparoscopic Anterior Resection of Rectal Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study. Frontiers in Surgery, 9, Article ID: 1003854.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.1003854
[16] Hüser, N., Michalski, C.W., Erkan, M., Schuster, T., Rosenberg, R., Kleeff, J., et al. (2008) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Defunctioning Stoma in Low Rectal Cancer Surgery. Annals of Surgery, 248, 52-60.
https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e318176bf65
[17] He, J., He, M., Tang, J. and Wang, X. (2023) Anastomotic Leak Risk Factors Following Colon Cancer Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Langenbecks Archives of Surgery, 408, Article No. 252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-023-02989-z
[18] Tsalikidis, C., Mitsala, A., Mentonis, V.I., Romanidis, K., Pappas-Gogos, G., Tsaroucha, A.K., et al. (2023) Predictive Factors for Anastomotic Leakage Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Current Oncology, 30, 3111-3137.
https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030236
[19] Zarnescu, E.C., Zarnescu, N.O. and Costea, R. (2021) Updates of Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Colorectal Surgery. Diagnostics, 11, Article No. 2382.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122382
[20] Schardey, H.M., Wirth, U., Strauss, T., Kasparek, M.S., Schneider, D. and Jauch, K.W. (2020) Prevention of Anastomotic Leak in Rectal Cancer Surgery with Local Antibiotic Decontamination: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Single Center Trial. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 35, 847-857.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-020-03544-8
[21] Yang, J., Chen, Q., Jindou, L. and Cheng, Y. (2020) The Influence of Anastomotic Leakage for Rectal Cancer Oncologic Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 121, 1283-1297.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25921
[22] Toyoshima, A., Nishizawa, T., Sunami, E., Akai, R., Amano, T., Yamashita, A., et al. (2020) Narrow Pelvic Inlet Plane Area and Obesity as Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Intersphincteric Resection. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 12, 425-434.
https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v12.i10.425
[23] Li, T., Huang, J., Lei, P., Yang, X., Chen, Z., Chen, P., et al. (2022) A Novel Nomogram for Anastomotic Leakage after Surgery for Rectal Cancer: A Retrospective Study. PeerJ, 10, e14437.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14437
[24] Greijdanus, N.G., Wienholts, K., Ubels, S., Talboom, K., Hannink, G., Wolthuis, A., et al. (2023) Stoma-Free Survival after Rectal Cancer Resection with Anastomotic Leakage: Development and Validation of a Prediction Model in a Large International Cohort. Annals of Surgery, 278, 772-780.
https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000006043
[25] Lee, C. and Park, I.J. (2024) Sex Disparities in Rectal Cancer Surgery: An In-Depth Analysis of Surgical Approaches and Outcomes. The World Journal of Mens Health, 42, 304-320.
https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.230335
[26] Chiarello, M.M., Fransvea, P., Cariati, M., Adams, N.J., Bianchi, V. and Brisinda, G. (2022) Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Cancer Surgery. Surgical Oncology, 40, Article ID: 101708.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101708