煤矸石制备高附加值功能材料的关键技术及机理研究

Research on the Key Technology and Mechanism of Preparing High Value-Added Functional Materials from Coal Gangue

摘要: 陕北延安地区煤炭开采深度与强度持续增加，煤矸石的大量排放问题日益严峻。当地每年新增煤矸石排放量达数百万吨，累计堆积量已超亿吨。这些煤矸石大量堆积，不仅占用大量的土地资源，还因其含有硫与重金属等有害物质，在雨水冲刷和风力作用下，对土壤、水体和空气造成严重污染，给当地的生态环境带来巨大压力。在此背景下，研究煤矸石制备高附加值功能材料的关键技术及机理具有重要的现实意义，制备催化剂时，采用高温煅烧和酸碱处理等活化与改性方法。高温煅烧可使煤矸石内部晶体结构改变，杂质挥发或反应，晶格结构出现缺陷，增加比表面积，暴露更多活性成分；酸碱处理能溶解杂质，调整表面酸碱性，优化表面性质，有利于活性组分的负载。活性组分负载采用浸渍法和共沉淀法，浸渍法操作简单，可实现活性组分均匀分布；共沉淀法能使活性组分与煤矸石载体形成较强的相互作用，提高催化剂的稳定性和活性。

Abstract: The depth and intensity of coal mining in Yan’an area of northern Shaanxi Province continue to increase, and the problem of large amounts of coal gangue emissions is becoming increasingly serious. Local annual new coal gangue emissions are millions of tons, with the cumulative accumulation of more than 100 million tons. These coal gangue accumulation, not only occupy a large amount of land resources, but also because it contains sulfur and heavy metals and other harmful substances, in the rain and wind action, on the soil, water and air caused by serious pollution, to the local ecological environment has brought great pressure. In this context, it is of great practical significance to study the key technology and mechanism of the preparation of high value-added functional materials from coal gangue, and the activation and modification methods, such as high-temperature calcination and acid and alkali treatment, are used in the preparation of catalysts. High-temperature calcination can make the internal crystal structure of gangue change, impurities volatilization or reaction, lattice structure defects, increase the specific surface area, expose more active components; acid and alkali treatment can dissolve impurities, adjust the surface acidity and alkalinity, optimize the surface properties, which is conducive to the loading of active components. The active component loading adopts the impregnation method and co-precipitation method, the impregnation method is simple and can realize the uniform distribution of the active component; the co-precipitation method can make the active component form a strong interaction with the gangue carrier and improve the stability and activity of the catalyst.