早期不同影像学表现下儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特征及相关因素分析
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Related Factors of Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia with Different Imaging Manifestations in Early-Stage
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1571977, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 宋俊霞:重庆市妇幼保健院(重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院)儿科,重庆;罗 璐, 钟世民*:重庆市第七人民医院(重庆理工大学附属中心医院)儿科,重庆;田城林:成都医学院临床医学院儿科,四川 成都
关键词: 肺炎支原体肺炎影像学检查儿童临床特征Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia Imaging Children Clinical Features
摘要: 目的:通过对比早期不同影像学表现下儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, MPP)的临床特征及相关因素,探讨早期影像学检查在儿童肺炎支原体肺炎中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2023年7月~2024年7月于重庆市第七人民医院儿科入院治疗的MPP患儿的病例,共184例,收集一般情况、临床特征、实验室检查、影像学表现、药物治疗情况及预后情况等资料。根据患儿胸部CT的影像学表现分为两组:(1) 肺部表现呈点状或小斑片状浸润影为A组;(2) 肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影为B组。记录并分析各组临床资料并进行比较。结果:184例MPP患儿中影像学上肺部表现呈点状或小斑片状浸润影的A组患儿103例,占比55.98%,中位数年龄为6.83岁,其中男49例,女54例;影像学上肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的B组患儿81例,占比44.02%,中位数年龄为7.00岁,其中男38例,女43例。两组患儿的性别、年龄进行比较,差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。B组患儿在热程、热峰的程度上[5.00 (4.00, 6.00), 39.50 (39.10, 39.80)]高于A组患儿[3.00 (2.00, 3.00), 38.70 (38.50, 39.20)],差异均有明显统计学意义(均p < 0.001)。B组患儿发生胸腔积液并发症为18例,占比22.22%,发生率明显高于A组患儿的6例占比5.83%,差异具有统计学意义(p = 0.001)。在实现早期诊断治疗情况下,两组患儿在病程天数、混合感染发生率、入院24 h内乳酸脱氢酶水平、药物治疗类型、药物治疗天数以及预后评估等方面进行比较,发现差异无明显统计学意义(p > 0.05)。结论:早期肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的MPP患儿临床症状重,并发症发生率高,发展为重症的可能性大,因此,尽早完善影像学检查可以为临床尽早识别及干预儿童MPP提供依据,有利于临床早期治疗,从而有效避免患儿进一步发展成为重症肺炎支原体肺炎(severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, SMPP)或难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, RMPP)。
Abstract: Objective: By comparing the differences in clinical characteristics and related factors of early pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) with different imaging manifestations, and to discuss the value of early imaging of MPP. Methods: Cases of pediatric MPP admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Chongqing Seventh People’s Hospital from July 2023 to July 2024 were retrospectively analyzed, with a total of 184 cases, to collect data on general condition, clinical features, laboratory examination, imaging manifestations, drug treatment, and prognosis. The children were divided into two groups according to the imaging manifestations of chest CT: (1) Group A with punctate or small patchy infiltrating shadows in the lung manifestations; (2) Group B with segmental or lobular parenchymal infiltrating shadows in the lung manifestations. The clinical data of each group were recorded analyzed and compared. Results: Among the 184 cases of pediatric MPP, 103 children in group A showed punctate or small patchy infiltrating shadows in the lungs on imaging, accounting for 55.98% of the total, with a median age of 6.83 years, of which 49 were male and 54 were female, and 81 children in group B showed segmental or lobular parenchymal infiltrating shadows in the lungs on imaging, accounting for 44.02% of the total, with a median age of 7.00 years, of which 38 were male and 43 cases were female. The gender and age of the children in both groups were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The children in group B had a higher degree of heat duration and peaks [5.00 (4.00, 6.00), 39.50 (39.10, 39.80)] than children in group A [3.00 (2.00, 3.00), 38.70 (38.50, 39.20)]. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001). In group B, there were 18 cases of pleural effusion complications, accounting for 22.22% of the total, which was significantly higher than the 6 cases in group A, accounting for 5.83% of the total, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). In the case of early diagnosis and treatment, the comparison of the two groups of children in terms of the number of days of the disease, the incidence of mixed infections, lactate dehydrogenase level within 24 h of admission, the type of drug therapy, the number of days of drug therapy, drug resistance, and prognosis assessment, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The cases of pediatric MPP who show segmental or lobar parenchymal infiltration have severe clinical symptoms and high complication rates, and are more likely to develop further into severe cases. Improvement of early imaging examination can provide a basis for clinical early identification and intervention of pediatric MPP, which is significant and conducive to early clinical treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively prevent children from developing severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP) and refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP).
文章引用:宋俊霞, 罗璐, 田城林, 钟世民. 早期不同影像学表现下儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特征及相关因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(7): 209-216. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1571977

1. 引言

肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae, MP)属于柔膜体纲支原体属,是一类形态多样的无细胞壁原核微生物,可以通过呼吸道飞沫或密切接触传播,被认为是儿童社区获得性肺炎(Community-acquired pneumonia, CAP)的重要病原类型之一[1] [2]。在我国儿童CAP中,肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, MPP)感染率达10%~40% [3]-[7];在世界范围内其发病率也逐渐升高,并且由于在流行期间其病原载体量大,导致的严重感染极大影响儿童的健康成长[8]。早期识别是对于MPP的诊治具有关键意义,对于阻断病情进展、改善预后具有重大帮助。临床和影像学表现是诊断MPP、判断疾病类型、评估病情以及相关并发症的重要依据,同时乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)升高在一定程度上提示患者可能伴发胸腔积液等并发症。但由于MPP的早期肺部体征往往不明显,对于临床疑似病例进行胸部影像学检查尤为重要。MPP影像学表现多样化,肺实变面积和密度不仅有助于病情判断,也有助于预测有无坏死性肺炎、塑形性支气管炎以及肺栓塞的可能[9]。本研究探讨了早期不同影像学表现下儿童MPP临床特征和相关因素,以期对儿童肺炎支原体肺炎早期诊治提供临床依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

收集2023年7月~2024年7月于重庆市第七人民医院(以下简称为本院)儿科入院治疗的儿童肺炎支原体肺炎病例资料,进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:(1) 年龄在29日龄至18周岁之间,发病至入院时间 ≤ 7天;(2) 明确诊断为MPP,符合《儿童肺炎支原体肺炎诊疗指南(2023年版)》的诊断标准[9] [10];(3) 依从性良好,积极配合治疗;(4) 临床资料完整。排除标准:(1) 存在先天性免疫缺陷、恶性肿瘤、慢性肾脏、肝脏疾病、结缔组织疾病及精神病类疾病等基础疾病;(2) 长期使用全身激素或免疫抑制剂;(3) 伴有吸入性肺炎、呼吸窘迫综合征等相关疾病;(4) 临床资料不完整者。参与研究的每位患者的监护人均同意相关研究,研究中的数据来自本院记录。

2.2. 研究方法

通过本院电子病历系统收集符合标准的研究对象的基本信息、基础疾病、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查等资料并记录,包括:(1) 一般情况:年龄、性别;(2) 临床特征:病程、热程、热峰、治疗使用药物、药物治疗天数、耐药情况、预后情况;(3) 实验室检查:入院24 h内乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、病原学检查;(4) 影像学表现:胸部CT检查结果,包括肺部炎症浸润范围,有无胸腔积液等。所有患儿均予以阿奇霉素或多西环素(阿奇霉素耐药情况下)常规对症支持治疗,若出现肺外并发症,加用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗。阿奇霉素治疗72 h后症状无明显缓解或持续加重判断为阿奇霉素耐药。药物治疗1周预后情况评价:(1) 良好:临床症状及体征消失或有明显改善,实验室指标恢复正常或明显好转,肺内病变完全或明显吸收;(2) 一般:临床症状及体征有轻微或无明显改善,实验室指标轻微或无明显好转,肺内病变部分或无明显吸收。根据患儿胸部CT的影像学表现分为两组:(1) 肺部表现呈点状或小斑片状浸润影为A组;(2) 肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影为B组。记录并分析各组临床资料并进行比较。

2.3. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 27.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York)统计分析软件进行数据分析和处理,每组数据先进行正态性检验及方差齐性检验。符合正态分布的计量资料以平均值 ± 标准差( x ¯ ±s )表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(M)及四分位数间距(P25, P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以例(n, %)表示,采用卡方(χ2)检验。p < 0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 临床资料

共纳入符合本研究标准的患儿184例。影像学上肺部表现呈点状或小斑片状浸润影的A组患儿103例,占比55.98%,中位数年龄为6.83岁,其中男49例,女54例;影像学上肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的B组患儿81例,占比44.02%,中位数年龄为7.00岁,其中男38例,女43例。两组患儿的性别、年龄进行比较,差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of basic clinical information between Group A and Group B

1. A组和B组患儿临床资料比较

指标

A组(n = 103)

B组(n = 81)

χ2/Z

p

性别[例(%)]

0.008

0.929

49 (47.57)

38 (46.91)

54 (52.43)

43 (53.09)

年龄[岁,M (P25, P75)]

6.83 (4.83, 8.75)

7.00 (5.04, 9.29)

−0.266

0.790

3.2. 临床特点

184例患儿在病程期间均有不同程度的发热。两组患儿就病程天数进行比较,差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。B组患儿在热程、热峰的程度上均高于A组患儿,胸腔积液并发症的发生率上B组患儿为18例,占比22.22%,明显高于A组患儿6例占比5.83%,差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。两组患儿中均存在合并其他细菌或病毒感染病例,两组间混合感染病例比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05),所有患儿最终完全治愈。见表2

3.3. LDH指标及治疗情况

两组患儿之间入院24 h内LDH水平进行比较,差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。两组患儿间予以阿奇霉素、多西环素、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗的病例以及各药物治疗时间进行比较,发现各项目间差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。A组中药物治疗7天后预后情况良好患儿74例,占比71.84%,预后情况一般患儿29例,占比28.16%;B组中预后情况良好患儿63例,占比77.78%,预后情况一般患儿18例,占比22.22%,两组间预后情况比较差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。见表3

Table 2. Comparison of clinical features between Group A and Group B

2. A组和B组患儿临床特征比较

指标

A组(n = 103)

B组(n = 81)

Z/χ2

p

病程[天,M (P25, P75)]

9.00 (7.00, 10.00)

9.00 (7.00, 11.00)

−0.265

0.791

热程[天,M (P25, P75)]

3.00 (2.00, 3.00)

5.00 (4.00, 6.00)

−7.730

<0.001

热峰[℃,M (P25, P75)]

38.70 (38.50, 39.20)

39.50 (39.10, 39.80)

−6.864

<0.001

胸腔积液[例(%)]

6 (5.83)

18 (22.22)

10.748

0.001

混合感染[例(%)]

55 (53.40)

45 (55.56)

0.085

0.771

Table 3. Comparison of LDH level and treatments between Group A and Group B

3. A组和B组患儿LDH指标及治疗情况比较

指标

A组(n = 103)

B组(n = 81)

t/χ2/Z

p

LDH [U∙L1, x ¯ ±s ]

266.42 ± 52.26

275.30 ± 49.16

−1.174

0.242

阿奇霉素治疗[例(%)]

94 (91.26)

70 (86.42)

1.097

0.295

多西环素治疗[例(%)]

27 (26.21)

24 (29.63)

0.264

0.607

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗[例(%)]

76 (73.79)

63 (77.78)

0.391

0.532

阿奇霉素治疗天数[天,M (P25, P75)]

7.00 (4.00, 10.00)

5.00 (3.00, 9.00)

−1.680

0.093

多西环素治疗天数[天,M (P25, P75)]

0.00 (0.00, 1.50)

0.00 (0.00, 6.00)

−0.550

0.582

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗天数[天,M (P25, P75)]

4.00 (0.00, 6.00)

5.00 (2.00, 6.00)

−0.980

0.327

预后情况[例(%)]

0.839

0.360

良好

74 (71.84)

63 (77.78)

一般

29 (28.16)

18 (22.22)

4. 讨论

近几年儿童MPP无论是在我国或世界范围内,发病率均呈逐年增加的趋势[3]-[8] [11]。肺炎支原体具有细胞壁缺失的特性,因此大环内酯类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类药物均对肺炎支原体具有活性作用[12] [13],其中大环内酯类药物为儿童MPP的一线治疗药物[7] [10]。但需要重视的一点是,近年来有较多研究表明儿童MPP治疗中耐药率也呈逐渐上升趋势[14]-[16]。这导致了儿童MPP进一步发展为重症类型,包括重症肺炎支原体肺炎(Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, SMPP)以及难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, RMPP)的发病率进一步增加[17]-[20]。然而,儿童MPP发病隐匿,缺乏特异性早期预测指标,因此,做到早期识别并进行合理治疗,及时控制病情发展,成为了儿童MPP诊疗的关键。本研究收集早期不同影像学表现下的184例MPP患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨不同临床特点、治疗情况和相关因素分析。

本研究中针对早期肺炎支原体肺炎患儿在影像学上不同表现进行比较,发现早期肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的患儿在热程、热峰的程度上均高于早期肺部表现呈点状或小斑片状浸润影的患儿。这提示此类患儿更容易具备明显高热,发热持续时间延长的重要临床特征,更可能进一步发展成为SMPP、RMPP等重症病例,严重威胁儿童生命安全,与既往研究得出的结果一致[21]-[23]。另一方面,本研究中发现早期肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的患儿胸腔积液的发生率明显更高,胸腔积液是SMPP、RMPP等重症病例的常见肺外并发症[24],而早期影像学检查可以为临床尽早识别及干预儿童MPP提供依据。此外,本研究中还对两组患儿在混合感染发生率、药物治疗类型、药物治疗天数以及预后评估等方面进行了对比分析,比较发现两组患儿之间差异无统计学意义,这可能是本项研究中纳入研究对象为临床早期病例的原因,也在一定程度上提示了针对儿童MPP做到早期识别、诊断以及治疗可以避免进一步发展为重症病例。

RMPP在近年来发生率呈逐年上升趋势[25]-[27],已经成为导致患儿发生严重的肺内及肺外并发症甚至死亡的重要原因之一[28],主要是其并发症的发生率相对较高导致,包括血栓形成导致肺栓塞(Pulmonary embolism, PE)、塑形性支气管炎(Plastic bronchitis, PB)、闭塞性细支气管炎(Bronchiolitis obliterans, BO)、儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征(Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, PARDS)以及坏死性肺炎(Necrotizing pneumonia, NP)等[9] [25] [29]-[31]。早期影像学检查有助于对MPP患儿判断病情,预测有无NP、PB以及PE的可能。有研究指出,合并呼吸道病毒感染的混合感染是MPP患儿感染后发生BO的危险因素[32]。另外有研究指出混合感染可延长MPP患儿的发热天数、住院天数、肺外并发症发生率以及加重全身炎症反应和心肌损害[33] [34]。当MPP患儿发生混合感染时,可能会合并胸腔积液并伴随LDH水平升高,需要警惕损害加重[35]。LDH水平变化也是评估塑形性支气管炎发生与否的重要指标之一[36] [37]

大环内酯类药物因其具备的高效、安全等特点,目前仍作为儿童MPP治疗的一线药物[38] [39],具有代表性的药物是阿奇霉素。但近年来研究发现,阿奇霉素耐药水平较高,容易出现多药耐药菌株,并且耐药率逐年升高[15] [16]。有研究指出肺炎支原体23S rDNA结构域位点基因突变是引起耐药的关键因素[40] [41],大环内酯类耐药则是发展成为SMPP、RMPP的重要原因[42]。针对MPP中阿奇霉素耐药的病例,四环素类、氟喹诺酮类药物可作为替代治疗。本研究中对两组不同影像学表现患儿分析不同药物治疗类型、药物治疗天数未发现具有统计学意义差异,可能针对早期儿童MPP阿奇霉素仍具备一定的抗炎作用,与此前研究的观点一致[43] [44]

需要指出的是,本研究存在一定的局限性。第一,作为单中心的回顾性分析,本研究可能存在一定信息偏倚及选择偏倚。第二,研究中纳入的样本量较少,使研究结论外推受到一定限制。第三,缺少更多细化研究指标,可能影响进一步相关因素准确性分析;由于纳入样本限制,对于其他并发症研究存在一定限制。今后可采取多中心大样本研究,减少试验中信息偏倚及选择偏倚,以进一步加强研究的代表性及准确性。

综上所述,早期在影像学上肺部表现呈节段性或大叶性实质浸润影的MPP患儿;临床症状重,并发症发生率高,发展为重症的可能性大,因此,尽早完善影像学检查可以为临床尽早识别及干预儿童MPP提供依据,有利于临床早期治疗,减少并发症的发生,从而有效避免进一步发展成为重症肺炎支原体肺炎或难治性肺炎支原体肺炎。

基金项目

巴南区科学技术局科研项目(No. SHSY2022-67)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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