苯甲酸钠的毒性效应与医疗价值

Toxicological Effects and Medical Value of Sodium Benzoate

摘要: 苯甲酸钠(Sodium Benzoate, SB)是一种在食品工业中广泛使用的防腐剂，以其出色的抗微生物特性而受到青睐。然而，最新研究表明，苯甲酸钠的摄入可能引发氧化应激、炎症、肝肾功能失调、生殖及神经系统紊乱等健康风险。同时，越来越多的证据显示苯甲酸钠在治疗重度抑郁症、精神分裂症及阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和多发性硬化症等神经退行性疾病以及一些罕见代谢疾病中均展现出良好的治疗前景。鉴于其双重特性，本文将系统分析苯甲酸钠对微生物、动物和人体的作用效应与机制，着重关注其安全性及潜在治疗价值，强调剂量依赖性和个体反应差异对其危害与治疗效果的重要性，提出制定标准化剂量方案的必要性，以最大限度地减少风险并优化其治疗潜力，为制订食品安全标准及优化临床应用提供实质性指导。

Abstract: Sodium benzoate (SB), a widely adopted preservative in the food industry, is renowned for its potent antimicrobial efficacy. Emerging research, however, highlights its paradoxical dual role: while excessive exposure may induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, hepatorenal impairment, and neuroreproductive disruptions, SB concurrently demonstrates therapeutic promise in managing neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder and schizophrenia), neurodegenerative pathologies (including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis), and rare metabolic syndromes. This review critically evaluates SB’s multifaceted interactions across microbial, animal, and human models, elucidating its dose-dependent toxicodynamics and mechanisms underlying its pharmacological benefits. By integrating recent preclinical and clinical evidence, we emphasize the necessity of establishing individualized dosing frameworks to reconcile its risk-benefit profile. Such precision-driven strategies are pivotal for refining regulatory guidelines to mitigate public health risks while unlocking SB’s translational potential in both food safety and therapeutic innovation.