利益均衡视角下的数据产权的理论构造

The Theoretical Construction of Data Property Rights from the Perspective of Interest Equilibrium

摘要: 随着数字经济的蓬勃发展，数据已跃升为至关重要的生产要素和战略资源，其产权的明确界定和合理分配对于推动数据资源的有效流通和高效利用具有不可或缺的作用。在探讨数据产权类型化制度构造的过程中，通过分析数据产权类型化保护理论，结合域外立法实践展开比较研究，提出构建数据确权分层制度的优化建议。从分歧的根源出发，致力于在数据产权议题上构建共识的基石，并发现利益均衡在数据确权问题中发挥着核心枢纽作用。通过有效平衡效率、人权与公共利益的三大价值目标，系统论证了数据产权制度的适用边界。特别强调数据产权化与人权价值实现、公共价值实现的平衡。为实现这一平衡，构建数据产权规范性的利益均衡框架，为数据产权的实现提供了明确的指导原则。进一步对数据产权分层实现的规范构造进行了深入探讨，提出了通过法律弱保护与均衡约束相结合的方式来构建数据框架性产权，并设定了产权实现条件和边界限制。通过建构数据用益权能适度扩张的法定范式与激励相容型制度安排，致力于推动多主体数据产权的有机整合，同时提出将数据收益转化为公共产品，并推行数据税收机制，推动数据收益的公平分配，从而达成数据产权的最优配置。

Abstract: With the vigorous development of the digital economy, data has become a vital factor of production and a strategic resource, and the clear definition and reasonable allocation of its property rights play an indispensable role in promoting the effective circulation and efficient use of data resources. In the process of discussing the structure of the data property rights classification system, this paper analyzes the theory of data property rights classification protection and conducts a comparative study in combination with the practice of extraterritorial legislation, and puts forward optimization suggestions for constructing a hierarchical system for data rights confirmation. Starting from the root of the differences, we are committed to building the cornerstone of consensus on the issue of data property rights, and find that the balance of interests plays a central role in the issue of data rights confirmation. By effectively balancing the three value objectives of efficiency, human rights and public interest, the application boundary of the data property rights system is systematically demonstrated. Special emphasis is placed on the balance between data property rights and the realization of human rights and public value. In order to achieve this balance, a normative balance of interests framework for data property rights is constructed, which provides clear guiding principles for the realization of data property rights. Furthermore, the normative structure of hierarchical realization of data property rights is discussed, and the data framework property rights are constructed by combining weak legal protection and balanced constraints, and the conditions and boundary restrictions for the realization of property rights are set. By constructing a statutory paradigm and incentive-compatible institutional arrangement for the moderate expansion of data usufruct power, we are committed to promoting the organic integration of multi-subject data property rights, and at the same time, it is proposed to transform data income into public goods, and implement a data tax mechanism to promote the fair distribution of data income, so as to achieve the optimal allocation of data property rights.