孔、孟、荀：以人性为基础的教育观

Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi: Educational Perspectives Based on Human Nature

摘要: 孔子、孟子和荀子三位大儒都曾积极入世，然未果，于是将重心转向了教育领域。他们以人性作为教育的基础，分别提出了“性相近，习相远”“性善论”和“性恶论”三种人性论。在通过人性引出伦理准则，在确立以明、正人伦为基础的教育后，推崇道德教育，力求培养出上可治国安邦、下能独善其身的君子，以实现他们的政治理想。为此，以孔子、孟子和荀子为代表的儒家，形成了一套以人性为理论基础、以治理人伦为目的、以培养德才兼备的君子为理想的人性教育观，至今依旧影响着人格教育的思想。

Abstract: Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, three great Confucian scholars, initially sought active engagement in worldly affairs but, failing to achieve their goals, shifted their focus to the field of education. Grounding their educational philosophies in human nature, they respectively proposed the theories of “Human nature is similar, but habits make it diverge,” “Innate Goodness of Human Nature,” and “Innate Evil of Human Nature.” By deriving ethical principles from these views on human nature and establishing an educational foundation centered on enlightenment and proper human relations, they advocated moral education, striving to cultivate junzi (gentlemen) capable of governing the state and maintaining personal integrity, thereby realizing their political ideals. Thus, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, developed a humanistic educational philosophy based on theories of human nature, aimed at regulating social ethics and nurturing morally and intellectually accomplished individuals. This philosophy continues to influence contemporary thought on character education.