唯物史观视域下对莱易斯生态观的批判性重思

Critical Reconsideration of Leiss’ Ecological View from the Perspective of Historical Materialism

摘要: 本文从唯物史观视角出发，对威廉·莱易斯在《自然的控制》中提出的生态观进行批判性重思。莱易斯将生态危机置于历史脉络中考察，揭示了“控制自然”观念与资本主义意识形态的共谋关系，但其理论存在阶级分析缺失、技术批判不彻底等局限。本文通过分析莱易斯对“控制自然”观念的历史溯源及其对现代生态观的批判，指出其未能彻底贯彻唯物史观的实践观与阶级分析法，弱化了资本逻辑与生态危机的本质关联。在此基础上，本文提出应以“人与自然的双重解放”为核心，重构“控制”“自然”“技术”等概念的历史维度，并强调生态危机的解决需依托于生产关系的变革与人类需要体系的重建，从而超越伦理主义或技术决定论的窠臼。

Abstract: This paper critically examines William Leiss’ ecological perspective in The Control of Nature from the viewpoint of historical materialism. Leiss situates the ecological crisis within its historical context, revealing the complicity between the concept of “controlling nature” and capitalist ideology. However, his theory is limited by a lack of class analysis and an insufficient critique of technology. By analyzing Leiss’ historical exploration of the “control of nature” concept and his critique of modern ecological thought, this paper argues that he fails to fully incorporate the practical approach and class analysis of historical materialism, thus diminishing the fundamental connection between capitalist logic and the ecological crisis. Based on this, the paper proposes that the solution to the ecological crisis should focus on the “dual liberation of humans and nature,” reconfiguring the historical dimensions of concepts like “control,” “nature,” and “technology,” and stresses that the resolution requires changes in production relations and the reconstruction of human needs, thereby transcending ethical or technological determinism.