《消费者权益保护法》中惩罚性赔偿制度的完善路径探析

Analysis of Approaches to Improving the Punitive Damages System in the Consumer Rights Protection Law

摘要: 惩罚性赔偿在改革开放进入深水区的市场经济条件下，发挥了其加罚性的手段，并与《消费者权益保护法》相结合产生了调节市场业态的作用，同时对于平衡消费市场中的消费者与经营者双方地位有着积极意义。在市场经济的规范运行下，经营者占据着天然的优势，惩罚性赔偿制度的最终目的是平衡市场主体地位，从而保护消费者权益。《消费者权益保护法》在经历了2013年的修改之后，通过强化经营者主体责任并且大幅提高惩罚性赔偿的金额比例有利于消费者权益保护力度的进一步提升。在对《消费者权益保护法》的适用中，发现存在诸多问题，这要求进一步对惩罚性赔偿制度在现实适用中的解释规则进行进一步统一规定。通过对现实适用问题进行分析，结合其他理论的优势，发挥对惩罚性赔偿的完善机制，对交易行为中作为构成要件的“欺诈”进行进一步完善，明确欺诈行为是足以误导消费者、使被欺诈方产生错误认知的客观经营行为，并将在消费领域中将重大过失纳入到欺诈的主观状态中。在赔偿金额设置方面考虑加大赔偿金额，利用综合计算的方式对惩罚性赔偿金进行计算，一般情况下根据有数额限制的模式计算；特殊情况采用无限额模式计算。明确生活消费的概念从而确认消费者主体身份，为“职业打假人”赋予消费者身份。建议采用举证责任倒置的方式维权，突破消费领域双方信息力量不平等的障碍，从而规范消费市场，优化市场经营秩序。

Abstract: Punitive compensation has played a punitive role under the market economy conditions of entering the deep water zone through reform and opening up, and combined with the Consumer Rights Protection Law to regulate market formats. At the same time, it has a positive significance for balancing the positions of consumers and operators in the consumer market. Under the standardized operation of the market economy, operators have a natural advantage, and the ultimate goal of the punitive compensation system is to balance the position of market entities and protect consumer rights. After the revision in 2013, the Consumer Rights Protection Law strengthens the main responsibility of operators and significantly increases the proportion of punitive damages, which is conducive to further enhancing the protection of consumer rights. In the application of the Consumer Rights Protection Law, many problems have been found, which requires further unified provisions on the interpretation rules of the punitive damages system in practical application. By analyzing practical application issues and combining the advantages of other theories, we will leverage the improvement mechanism of punitive damages to further improve the “fraud” as a constituent element in transaction behavior. We will clarify that fraudulent behavior is an objective business behavior that can mislead consumers and mislead the fraudsters, and incorporate gross negligence into the subjective state of fraud in the consumption field. In terms of setting the compensation amount, consider increasing the compensation amount and using a comprehensive calculation method to calculate punitive damages. Generally, the calculation is based on a limited amount model; Special cases are calculated using an unlimited amount model. Clarify the concept of daily consumption to confirm the main identity of consumers, and endow consumers with identity as “professional dummies”. It is recommended to adopt an inverted burden of proof approach to protect rights, break through the barriers of unequal information power between both parties in the consumer field, and standardize the consumer market and optimize market operation order.