自动驾驶汽车侵权责任分配机制——以杭州市立法实践为考察

Tort Liability Distribution Mechanism for Autonomous Vehicles—Examining the Legislative Practice in Hangzhou City

摘要: 机动车事故责任和产品责任均可适用于自动驾驶汽车侵权情景，但就救济受害者这一角度上，两种责任制度如何适用仍不明晰。在责任分配机制上存在两种路径：一是生产者与机动车一方对受害者承担按份责任，二是机动车一方对受害者承担严格责任，承担责任后与生产者按照各自过错承担相应责任。路径二区分不同法律关系，分阶段处理交通事故，仍然在我国现行道路交通安全法涵射范围内，构建一个兼顾社会公平与个体权益的平衡机制，适应欧美侵权责任分配方式的立法改革，促进我国道路交通安全法规现代化。因此，应当围绕路径二构建自动驾驶汽车侵权责任分配机制；同时明晰和统一自动驾驶汽车商业化运营标准，为产品缺陷认定提供指导；修改关于驾驶人的规定，其不应当成为应用阶段的强制性规定。

Abstract: Both motor vehicle accident liability and product liability can be applied to self-driving car infringement scenarios, but it is still unclear how the two liability regimes can be applied from the perspective of relief for victims. There are two paths in the liability allocation mechanism: one is that the producer and the motorized vehicle party are jointly liable to the victim, and the other is that the motorized vehicle party is strictly liable to the victim, and after assuming the liability, the producer and the motorized vehicle party will be held liable in accordance with their respective faults. Path two distinguish between different legal relationships, phased treatment of traffic accidents, still within the scope of China’s current road traffic safety law, can be a balance of interests between different subjects, to adapt to the international trend, and promote the modernization of China’s road traffic safety regulations. Therefore, we should build the tort liability allocation mechanism of self-driving cars around path two; at the same time, we should clarify and unify the commercial operation standard of self-driving cars, and provide guidance for the determination of product defects; we should modify the regulations on drivers, which should not become mandatory regulations in the application stage.