体重调整腰围指数与糖尿病肾病相关性的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Weight-Adjusted-Waist Index and Diabetic Kidney Disease
摘要: 本文综述了体重调整腰围指数(Weight-Adjusted-Waist Index, WWI)与糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Kidney Disease, DKD)的相关性研究进展。DKD是糖尿病常见的并发症,早期诊断和干预至关重要。WWI作为一种新的肥胖指标,主要关注与体重无关的腹部肥胖,在评估糖尿病患者发生DKD的风险中具有重要意义。研究表明,WWI与DKD的发生发展密切相关,可能通过多种机制影响DKD的进程。本文对WWI的计算方法、与DKD的相关性及其可能的机制进行了阐述,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,旨在探索新的预测指标以提高DKD风险评估的准确性。
Abstract: This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). DKD is a common complication of diabetes, and early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. As a new obesity index, WWI mainly focuses on weight-independent abdominal obesity, which is of great significance in assessing the risk of DKD in diabetic patients. Studies have shown that WWI is closely related to the occurrence and development of DKD, and may affect the process of DKD through multiple mechanisms. In this paper, the calculation method, correlation with DKD and possible mechanisms of WWI are described, and future research directions are prospected, aiming to explore new predictors to improve the accuracy of DKD risk assessment.
文章引用:张瑜, 王波. 体重调整腰围指数与糖尿病肾病相关性的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(7): 868-872. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1572066

1. 引言

糖尿病是一种患病率日益增加的慢性非传染性疾病,目前已成为威胁全球人类健康的重大公共卫生问题。据统计,2021年全世界有5.37亿人受到糖尿病影响;到2045年,糖尿病的患病人数预计增加到7.83亿;而中国作为糖尿病患者最多的国家,到2045年将估计超过1.74亿[1]。糖尿病肾病是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症之一,其典型特征是蛋白尿和肾小球滤过率(GFR)下降[2]。作为慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)快速进展的因素之一,糖尿病肾病也是导致终末期肾病的主要原因。早期诊断和干预对于延缓DKD的进展至关重要。传统的危险因素如血糖、血压、血脂等已被广泛研究,但仍需探索新的预测指标以提高DKD风险评估的准确性。近年来,体重调整腰围指数作为一种新的肥胖指标,引起了研究者的关注,为DKD的风险评估提供了新的视角。WWI是由Park等人于2018年提出的,定义为腰围除以体重的平方根,成为一种新的肥胖指标[3]。它融合了腰围的优势,同时降低了与BMI的相关性,主要关注与体重无关的腹部肥胖[4] [5]。已有证据证实了WWI升高是代谢紊乱(包括糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病)的重要危险因素[5]-[8]。WWI在脂肪和肌肉质量之间提供了更细微的区别,已有调查显示,WWI与脂肪量之间存在直接关系,与肌肉量呈负相关,能够更全面地反映身体脂肪分布情况,与DKD的发生发展存在密切的关系。

2. WWI的计算方法

体重调整腰围指数(WWI)的计算公式为:腰围(cm)除以体重(kg)的平方根,计算结果保留小数点后两位。例如,某人腰围为80 cm,体重为60 kg,则其WWI为 80÷ 60 10.33

3. WWI与DKD的相关性

近期一项发表在Endocr Connect杂志的研究结果表明,在2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)中,体重调整腰围指数(WWI)增加与DKD风险增加相关,WWI可作为预测DKD的新的人体测量学指标,其预测能力强于体重指数(BMI) [9]。该研究共纳入10,661例T2DM患者,DKD总体患病率为20.74%。WWI与发生DKD的可能性呈正相关(P < 0.05),且WWI每增加一个单位,患者发生DKD的风险增加17% (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03~1.33) [9]。亚组分析结果显示性别存在显著交互作用(P < 0.05),在女性患者中,观察到WWI与DKD呈u型相关,存在一个断点(WWI = 11.48),在断点的右侧WWI与DKD呈正相关(OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.09~1.92),而在断点左侧,观察到二者呈负相关(OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42~0.86),这一发现提示,在WWI = 11.48时,DKD在女性患者中的发病率可能最低[9]。此外,与BMI (AUC = 0.555)相比,WWI (AUC = 0.664)被证明是DKD更有效的预测指标。

另一项针对5028例T2DM患者的研究发现,较高的WWI与DKD风险增加有关,且与BMI和腰围(WC)相比,WWI对DKD的预测能力更强[10]。该研究显示,随着WWI四分位数范围的增大,DKD患病率逐渐升高(26.76% vs 32.63% vs 39. 06% vs 42.96%, P < 0.001),且对多个协变量进行额外调整后,WWI与DKD风险独立相关,结果显示WWI每增加一个单位,患者发生DKD的风险增加32% (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12~1.56, P < 0.001) [10]。亚组分析显示,WWI与DKD风险之间的关系在60岁以上(OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.16~1.77; OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.79~1.29)和心血管疾病(OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.34~2.49;OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.98~1.40)人群中更为显著,其他亚组(性别、种族、吸烟、BMI、高血压)未观察到显著的相互作用(P for interaction > 0.05) [10]。此外,对WWI、体重、腰围、BMI对DKD风险的预测能力进行评估,ROC曲线分析显示:WWI (AUC = 57.19%)的预测能力强于体重(AUC = 51.23%)、腰围(AUC = 52.23%)、BMI (AUC = 49.96%) [10]

4. WWI影响DKD的发生和发展机制

DKD的早期病理表现主要是肾小球肥大、系膜扩张、基底膜增厚,随着病情进展,逐渐发展为肾小球和肾小管间质纤维化,最终导致肾功能衰竭[11] [12]。尽管肥胖与DKD之间的关系还有待进一步研究,但目前已有研究表明肥胖影响DKD的发生发展主要涉及炎症信号通路激活、代谢紊乱与氧化应激、血流动力学改变及脂质代谢异常等多个层面。

脂肪组织分泌肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)等促炎因子及脂联素、瘦素等脂肪因子,通过复杂的分子信号通路参与肾脏损伤[13]。已有研究表明脂联素的肾保护作用与内皮功能障碍的改善、氧化应激的减少以及内皮一氧化氮合酶表达的上调有关,这些作用是通过AdipoR1激活腺苷5'-单磷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)通路和AdipoR2激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)-α信号通路实现的;脂联素抑制NADPH氧化酶活性,减少活性氧(ROS)生成,同时抑制核因子κB (NF-κB)活性,减少炎症因子释放,从而减轻肾小管上皮细胞的炎症和氧化应激损伤[14]。相反,脂联素缺乏时,NADPH氧化酶活性上调,导致ROS生成增加,激活NF-κB信号通路,促进TNF、IL-6等促炎因子转录,使其氧化应激增强及炎症反应加剧,从而促进肾脏疾病进展[14]。此外,有研究显示脂肪细胞分泌的TNF,作为一种多功能的促炎细胞因子,与糖尿病的炎症反应和胰岛素抵抗密切相关,进一步加剧了DKD的进展[15]-[17]。另一方面,肥胖引起的免疫抑制会导致尿路感染,进而加剧肾功能障碍[18]。腹部肥胖与肾脏血流动力学的改变有关,如肾小球滤过率升高和肾小球内压升高,这些变化可进一步推动DKD的发生和进展[19] [20]。重要的是,肥胖与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,胰岛素抵抗会增加钠重吸收和肾小球高滤过,从而加重肾脏损害;同时,胰岛素抵抗通过慢性炎症和氧化应激诱导足细胞和基底膜损伤从而加速CKD的进展[21] [22]。此外,腹部肥胖通常与其他代谢异常相关,如血脂异常和高血压,这进一步促进了糖尿病肾病的发生和进展[23] [24]。在肥胖患者中,肾脏常在肾小球和系膜区表现出脂质沉积,通常称为泡沫细胞。肾小球结构中脂质的沉积触发了固醇调节元件结合蛋白表达水平的升高,进而促进了一系列细胞事件,包括促进足细胞凋亡、系膜细胞增殖和细胞因子合成[25]

5. 未来研究方向

(一) 进一步明确WWI与DKD的相关性及预测价值

目前关于WWI与DKD的研究仍有限,需要更多的大样本、多中心研究来进一步明确WWI与DKD的相关性及预测价值。同时,应探索体重调整腰围指数与其他传统危险因素的联合应用,提高对糖尿病肾病的预测准确性。

(二) 深入研究WWI影响DKD的机制

虽然目前已有一些研究探讨了肥胖影响糖尿病肾病的可能机制,但仍不清楚其具体的分子机制。未来需要进一步开展相关基础研究,深入揭示两者之间的内在联系。

(三) 制定基于WWI的干预措施

制定基于体重调整腰围指数相关的干预措施,如通过控制体重、改善腰围、减少内脏脂肪等方式来降低糖尿病肾病的发生风险。同时,也可以探索针对WWI相关机制的药物治疗。

6. 结论

体重调整腰围指数作为一种新的肥胖指标,与糖尿病肾病的发生、发展密切相关。WWI可能通过胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、炎症反应、代谢紊乱和血流动力学因素等多种机制影响DKD的进程。未来需要进一步开展研究,明确WWI与DKD的相关性及其预测价值,深入研究其机制,并制定基于体重调整腰围指数相关的干预措施,为糖尿病肾病的防治提供新的思路和方法。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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