基于意象图式理论的“扫”语义扩展路径探析

Analysis of the Semantic Extension Path of “Sǎo” Based on Image Schema Theory

摘要: 动词“扫”经历过多次语义扩展，在电子信息技术高速发展的背景下出现了“扫码”等新兴用法。本文运用认知语言学的意象图式理论、隐喻和转喻理论来探究“扫”引申义的衍生机制和扩展路径，由此构建出当代汉语动词“扫”的语义网络。“扫”语义扩展路径包括：强调动作结果，衍生出“消灭”义，用于表达社会负面现象的去除；突出动作方式，发展出“快速左右移动”义；替代“扫描”一词，出现“读取信息”义，专指扫描设备的功能。隐喻、转喻和专指化在“扫”语义扩展的不同路径上发挥了作用。

Abstract: The verb “sǎo” has undergone multiple semantic extensions, developing emerging usages like “扫码” (scanning QR codes) in the context of rapid advancements in electronic information technology. This study employs cognitive linguistic frameworks—Image Schema Theory, Metaphor Theory, and Metonymy Theory—to investigate the derivation mechanisms and extension pathways of “sǎo” extended meanings, thereby constructing a semantic network for this contemporary Chinese verb. The semantic extension paths of “sǎo” include: 1) Emphasizing action results, generating the “eradication” sense to express the removal of social negative phenomena; 2) Highlighting motion patterns, developing the “rapid lateral movement” sense; 3) Replacing the term “扫描” (scanning), acquiring the “information retrieval” sense specifically denoting scanning device functions. Metaphor, metonymy, and specialization have played distinct roles across different extension pathways of “sǎo” semantic evolution.