黄土高原矿区土地复垦研究进展

Research Progress on Land Reclamation in Mining Areas of the Loess Plateau

摘要: 黄土高原作为我国重要的生态屏障和能源基地，面临水土流失、土地损毁及生态退化等严峻挑战。尽管退耕还林还草等工程显著提升了植被覆盖率并减少了入黄泥沙量，但仍存在水资源超载、修复模式单一及管护缺失等问题，导致部分区域陷入“浅绿陷阱”。针对矿区土地复垦，我国已发展出分层剥离–交错回填、微地形改造及物理–化学–生物协同改良等技术体系，使复垦土壤有机质含量在3~5年内恢复至采矿前水平的70%以上，微生物修复技术，分区治理策略与智慧监测技术进一步推动了生态修复从“工程增绿”向“适水增效”转型。未来需突破耐旱–重金属复合抗性植物培育、优化微生物–植物协同体系，并建立市场化生态补偿机制和“生态大脑”决策平台，以实现黄河流域矿区生态系统的长效恢复，为全球干旱半干旱区土地复垦提供中国方案。

Abstract: The Loess Plateau, a critical ecological barrier and energy base in China, faces severe challenges such as soil erosion, land degradation, and ecosystem deterioration. Although initiatives like the Grain for Green program have significantly increased vegetation coverage and reduced sediment flow into the Yellow River, persistent issues like water resource overexploitation, monotonous restoration models, and inadequate post-restoration management have led to a “shallow green trap” in some regions. For land reclamation in mining areas, China has developed integrated technical systems, including stratified stripping-interlaced backfilling, micro-topographic reconstruction, and physicochemical-biological synergistic remediation. These approaches have restored soil organic matter to over 70% of pre-mining levels within 3~5 years. Advances in microbial remediation, zonal governance strategies, and smart monitoring technologies are further shifting ecological restoration from “engineering-driven greening” to “water-adaptive and efficiency-focused” practices. Future priorities include breeding drought- and heavy metal-resistant plants, optimizing plant-microbe synergies, and establishing market-oriented ecological compensation mechanisms alongside an “ecological brain” decision-making platform. These efforts aim to achieve long-term ecosystem recovery in mining areas across the Yellow River Basin, offering a Chinese paradigm for global arid and semi-arid land reclamation.