社会结构的变革路径——基于晚期阿尔都塞的原子–结构机制

Paths of Change in the Social Structure—Based on Late Althusserian Atomic-Structural Mechanisms

摘要: 代表着社会中偶然相遇的人与事的原子，能否带来社会有历史性高度的变革，是晚期阿尔都塞研究的核心问题。部分学者基于原子运动的偶然性对变革做出了历史偶然论的理解，实质上复现了阿尔都塞所批判的起源哲学和目的论。阿尔都塞文本中原子的相遇并非纯粹偶然，而是始终受到未来的结构的约束与规定，从而为原子运动提供了确定性。在这一“未来决定当下”的机制下，结构并非不断自我复制的稳定结果，而始终处于有待被未来决定的不稳定性和开放性之中，这为结构质的变化提供了可能性。具体而言，未来的结构先在地塑造了革命者缺席的样貌，引导革命者的主体性，主体性的介入则回溯性地创造了未来结构生成的条件。

Abstract: The question of whether atoms, which represent people and things that meet by chance in society, can bring about change in society with a high degree of historicity is at the centre of late Althusserian studies. Some scholars have developed a historically contingent understanding of change based on the contingent nature of the movement of atoms, essentially reproducing the philosophy of origins and teleology that Althusser criticised. The encounter of atoms in Althusser’s text is not purely accidental, but is always bound and regulated by the structure of the future, which provides certainty to the movement of atoms. Under this mechanism of “the future determining the present”, the structure is not a stable result of continuous self-replication, but is always in a state of instability and openness to be determined by the future, which provides the possibility of qualitative changes in the structure. Specifically, the structure of the future shapes the absence of the revolutionary a priori, guiding the subjectivity of the revolutionary, while the intervention of subjectivity retrospectively creates the conditions for the generation of the structure of the future.