马克思主义哲学“实践”观与中国哲学“事”观的本体论比较研究

A Comparative Study on the Ontology of Marxist Philosophy’s Conception of “Praxis” and Chinese Philosophy’s Conception of “Shi”

摘要: 自“第二个结合”提出以来，马克思主义哲学与中国哲学的比较分析在哲学领域备受关注。然而，当前学界的研究资源更多集中于其基因来源、价值彰显、实现路径等方面，而对于两者基本概念的比较仍十分稀少。这种研究倾向虽然对于宏观把握两种哲学的整体特征有帮助，却忽略了概念层面的深入剖析，而概念作为哲学思考的基本单元，是理解两种哲学体系的差异和共性的一种方式。文章探讨了马克思主义哲学的“实践”观与中国哲学“事”观的本体论的内涵及其异同。马克思主义哲学与中国哲学在很多方面具有相似之处，尤其二者在本体论上都强调实践的现实性与动态性。然而，二者在哲学基础与内涵上却有着较大的差异。马克思主义哲学的“实践”本体论以唯物主义为基础，主张通过实践改造社会关系，注重强调物质生产活动的革命性与批判性；而中国哲学的“事”观则根植于“天人合一”的宇宙观，主张通过“事”的践行实现天人和谐与社会秩序的稳定。由此看来，马克思主义哲学强调物质生产与社会变革，中国哲学则更关注个人修养、伦理道德与天人合一。这样的差异反映了两种哲学传统在世界观与实践路径上的不同取向。

Abstract: Comparative analyses of Marxist philosophy and Chinese philosophy have attracted much attention in the field of philosophy since the proposal of "the second combination". However, the current research resources in the academic circle focus more on their genetic origin, value manifestation and realisation path, while the comparison of their basic concepts is still very rare. This research tendency, though helpful in grasping the overall characteristics of the two philosophies at a macro level, neglects in-depth analyses at the conceptual level, which, as the basic unit of philosophical thinking, is a way to understand the differences and commonalities between the two philosophical systems. The article discusses the ontological connotations of the “praxis” conception of Marxist philosophy and the “shi” conception of Chinese philosophy, as well as their similarities and differences. Marxist and Chinese philosophies are similar in many aspects, especially in their ontology, which emphasises the reality and dynamics of praxis. However, the two philosophies differ greatly in their philosophical foundations and connotations. The ontology of “praxis” in Marxist philosophy is based on historical materialism, which advocates the transformation of social relations through praxis and emphasises the revolutionary and critical nature of material production activities, while the concept of “shi” in Chinese philosophy is rooted in the concept of “Unity of Heaven and Humanity”. The Chinese philosophical concept of “shi” is rooted in the cosmology of "the unity of heaven and mankind", and advocates the practice of “shi” to achieve harmony between heaven and mankind and the stability of the social order. From this point of view, Marxism philosophy emphasises material production and social change, while Chinese philosophy is more concerned with personal cultivation, ethics and the unity of heaven and humanity. Such differences reflect the different orientations of the two philosophical traditions in terms of worldview and practical path.