环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的公法属性解构与私法衔接研究

Research on the Deconstruction of Public Law Attributes and the Connection of Private Law of Punitive Damages for Environmental Tort

摘要: 本文通过剖析环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的公法属性与私法基因，系统探究其制度基础、公法属性及私法衔接路径。以《民法典》第1232条及相关司法解释为研究依据，追溯该制度的法理渊源，并解构提炼出公法属性的核心要素，进而揭示该制度在实践中存在的价值冲突与协调难题：一是与私法自治原则存在价值冲突；二是在与公法责任体系衔接时存在协调不畅的问题。为此，针对性提出私法衔接的具体路径，通过私法制度的适应性调整与公私法协同机制的构建，推动该制度在私法框架内的顺畅运行。环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度本质上是公私法价值碰撞与融合的产物，需通过规范互嵌与机制创新，为生态文明法治建设提供兼具公私法特性的系统性解决方案。

Abstract: This paper analyzes the public law attributes and private law genes of the punitive damages system for environmental torts, exploring its institutional foundation, public law attributes, and private law connection pathways. Tracing its legal origins through Article 1232 of the “Civil Code” and relevant judicial interpretations, it deconstructs core public law attributes and reveals two practical dilemmas: value conflicts with the autonomous principle of private law and inadequate coordination with public law liability systems. The proposed solutions include adaptive adjustments of private law and public-private law collaborative mechanism to ensure its smooth operation within private law frameworks. As a product of intersecting public and private law values, this system requires normative integration and institutional innovation to balance punitive deterrence (public law goals) with damage compensation (private law goals), offering systematic solutions with both public and private law characteristics for the legal construction of ecological civilization.