从“蓄清”到“灌塘”：道光年间济运政策转变原因探析

From “Storing Clear Water” to “Irrigating Ponds”: An Analysis of the Reasons for the Shift in the Water Transport Policy during the Daoguang Period

摘要: 为保证漕粮运输，清政府沿用了明朝筑堰蓄清的治河政策，汇全湖之水同流清口，七分敌黄三分济运，清口体系至关紧要。然而随着黄河河身的淤高、引黄济运政策的实行等因素，洪泽湖水逐渐无力畅出清口敌黄济运，清口体系趋于瓦解崩溃，道光六年开始筹议试行戽水灌塘政策，道光七年正式实行灌塘济漕之法，此后历年皆沿用此法，清政府的济运政策从“蓄清”转至“灌塘”，发生了根本性转变。本文将视线聚焦于黄、淮、运交汇的清口一带，通过探讨清朝历代统治者及河督的治河治运主张，以梳理道光年间济运政策发生转变的原因。

Abstract: To ensure the transportation of grain tribute, the Qing government continued the Ming Dynasty’s policy of building weirs to store clear water. The water from the entire lake was channeled through Qingkou, with seven parts used to counter the Yellow River and three parts for aiding canal transport. The Qingkou system was of vital importance. However, with factors such as the silting up of the Yellow River’s channel and the implementation of the policy of diverting the Yellow River to aid canal transport, the water from Hongze Lake gradually became unable to flow out of Qingkou smoothly to counter the Yellow River and aid canal transport. The Qingkou system gradually collapsed. In the sixth year of the Daoguang reign, the policy of using water-lifting devices to irrigate ponds was tentatively discussed and implemented. In the seventh year of the Daoguang reign, the method of irrigating ponds to aid canal transport was officially put into practice. This method was used in subsequent years. The Qing government’s water transport policy shifted fundamentally from “storing clear water” to “irrigating ponds.” This paper focuses on the Qingkou area, where the Yellow, Huai, and canal water systems converge. By exploring the views of the Qing emperors and river commissioners on river and canal management, it analyzes the reasons for the shift in the water transport policy during the Daoguang period.