癌症患者绝望感研究进展
Research Progress on Hopelessness in Cancer Patients
DOI: 10.12677/ns.2025.147167, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张慧贤*, 范渝龑, 杨冠楠, 柴守霞#:湖北医药学院护理学院,湖北 十堰
关键词: 癌症绝望综述Cancer Hopelessness Review
摘要: 本文针对癌症患者绝望感的现状、评估工具、影响因素及干预措施展开综述,旨在为降低癌症患者绝望感、改善其整体预后提供参考。
Abstract: This article reviews the current situation, assessment tools, influencing factors and intervention measures of the sense of despair in cancer patients, aiming to provide references for reducing the sense of despair in cancer patients and improving their overall prognosis.
文章引用:张慧贤, 范渝龑, 杨冠楠, 柴守霞. 癌症患者绝望感研究进展[J]. 护理学, 2025, 14(7): 1258-1264. https://doi.org/10.12677/ns.2025.147167

1. 引言

癌症作为全球性的重大健康问题,近年来其发病率和死亡率持续攀升[1] [2]。癌症患者在疾病的长期消耗下,不仅承受生理上的痛苦,还面临焦虑、恐惧、抑郁甚至绝望等心理负担,给患者整体健康带来深远影响[3]。绝望又称绝望感,是个体因对未来持悲观态度、缺乏实现目标的信心与能力,且无法应对困难而引发极度悲观心理状态的认知体验[4]。较高的绝望感会极大地削弱患者的求生意志,使其丧失对抗疾病的动力,甚至引发极端的自我伤害行为[5]。因此,及时为癌症患者提供心理支持并开展相关研究显得尤为重要,现针对癌症患者绝望感相关内容进行全面综述,旨在了解其发生现状,系统归纳绝望感测评工具、影响因素及干预策略等,以期为我国进一步开展癌症绝望感的相关研究、改善病人整体预后提供参考。

2. 癌症患者绝望感现状

2.1. 国外癌症患者绝望感现状

不同文化背景下,绝望感的程度会因癌症类型及疾病发展阶段的不同而有所差异。研究发现[6],土耳其早中期妇科肿瘤患者因恐惧疾病进展、治疗不确定性等因素,表现出中等程度的绝望感(7.94 ± 4.80分)。在突尼斯的一项研究报告中指出,乳腺癌患者的绝望情绪患病率高达34.6%,其中24%的患者伴有高度的绝望感[7]。波兰学者Czerwl [8]进一步揭示了疾病分期对绝望感的影响。研究显示,胃肠道肿瘤发生转移的患者绝望感明显高于未转移者,胰腺癌患者中该现象尤为突出。美国学者调查发现[5],47%新诊断的晚期肺癌患者存在中度或重度绝望(评分 ≥ 9分),33.3%有自杀风险,这一比例高于土耳其对晚期肺癌患者的研究结果(7.41 ± 6.01分) [9]。综上,国外癌症患者绝望程度随疾病进展加剧,晚期转移患者承受更大生命威胁,未来研究应聚焦不同疾病阶段患者的心理变化,制定针对性干预策略。

2.2. 国内癌症患者绝望感发生现状

近年来,国内学者对癌症患者绝望感的研究不断深入。研究显示[10],85.31%的乳腺癌术后化疗期患者存在不同程度的绝望感,其中轻度绝望占27.97%,中度绝望占30.77%,重度绝望占26.57%,总体处于中等绝望水平(10.56 ± 5.86),显著高于乳房切除术后早期患者(3.81 ± 3.48分) [11]。余淑炬[12]等调查显示,52.7%的患者术后日常活动无明显变化,绝望感相对较轻(7.2 ± 3.4分)。陈细秀[13]等研究发现,76.85%的原发性肝癌晚期患者伴随绝望情绪(11.06 ± 3.24分),略高于晚期肺癌患者(10.23 ± 3.87分),可能与肝癌治愈率低、预后差有关[14]。综上,乳腺癌和肝癌患者的绝望感尤为突出,提示我国临床医务人员应重点关注这两类患者的心理健康,及时筛查绝望感并实施个性化干预。

3. 绝望感测评工具

3.1. 贝克绝望量表(The Beck Hopelessness Scale, BHS)

BHS是由美国心理学教授Beck [15]等人于1974年开发,通过评估个体对未来事件的负面预期来评估其绝望程度。包括对未来感觉、动力丧失和期望三个维度,共20个条目。该表Cronbach’s α系数为0.83,采用“是”或“否”的评分方式,总分在0~20分之间,总分越高表示患者绝望程度越高。目前BHS已在多个国家进行本土化翻译并验证,均具有良好的信效度[16],该表为普适性量表且年代久远,故因癌症本身所导致的心理和生理变化未能在该量表条目中有所体现。

3.2. 疾病绝望评估问卷(The Hopelessness Assessment in Illness Questionnaire, HAI)

HAI是由伊朗学者Rosenfeld [17]等专为晚期癌症患者开发,旨在衡量晚期癌症患者的绝望水平。HAI反映晚期疾病患者情感因素、生存意愿、无用感、认知僵化等多方面问题,共8个条目。该表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.87,每个项目有3个等级(0, 1, 2),总分在0~16分,总分越高反映患者绝望程度越高。伊朗学者Walsh [18]对HAI进行的二次分析显示,该表具有较好的内部效度、同时效度和重测信度,不仅能准确反映晚期疾病患者的绝望水平,同时在预测自杀意念方面也有显著的贡献。

3.3. 晚年生活绝望量表(The Hopelessness Inventory for Later Life, HILL)

HILL是由学者Gregg [19]等专门为老年患者新开发的测量工具,旨在评估老年患者在晚年生活中的绝望情绪。该表包括完整版29个条目,简版13个条目。采用Likert4级计分法,从1 (不同意)到4 (同意),总分越高,表明绝望水平越严重。HILL Cronbach’s α系数为0.95,简版HILL的Cronbach’s α系数0.89。该量表在老年患者中表现良好,但尚未在国内癌症患者中广泛应用。

3.4. 社会绝望问卷(The Social Hopelessness Questionnaire, SHQ)

SHQ是由Heisel [20]等人编制,旨在评估人际交往领域中的绝望体验,侧重于老年人的认知以及对未来的看法和期望。共20个项目,采用Likert5级评分法,从1 (强烈不同意)到5 (非常同意)总分范围在20~100,分数越高代表社会绝望程度越严重。其Cronbach’s α系数为0.86。SHQ可以作为衡量不同环境下老年人社会绝望程度的标准,但在国内癌症患者中的适用性有待验证。

4. 癌症患者绝望感的影响因素

4.1. 一般人口学因素

绝望感作为一种主观体验,受年龄、性别、文化程度、子女数量、职业状况、婚姻状况等因素影响。研究表明[21],随着年龄增长使患者对疾病的抵抗力下降,加重心理负担。且女性因生理因素和社会角色压力等差异,较男性而言绝望水平更高[9]。文化程度较低的患者因疾病认知不足及传统观念影响,更易陷入绝望[13]。Bener [22]等研究发现,有三个及以上子女的患者因养育负担与经济压力相对较重,其绝望程度远高于三个以下子女的患者。失业患者因经济收入中断、社会角色缺失等,易对未来感到迷茫绝望[7]。此外,单身患者缺乏情感支持,比已婚患者更易产生绝望情绪[21]。

4.2. 疾病临床因素

免疫细胞群变化、症状负担、是否存在转移、肿瘤分期及疼痛等因素均会影响癌症患者绝望感的发生。Kim [23]指出,细胞免疫T淋巴细胞(CD4+, CD8+, CD19+)等在抗肿瘤过程中发挥潜在作用,淋巴细胞群数量的下降可能意味着免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的控制能力减弱,不仅会影响对肿瘤细胞的直接杀伤作用,还会使患者在面对疾病时产生更多的恐惧和绝望情绪。同时肿瘤分期越高、癌细胞转移及症状负担的加重通常意味着疾病越严重,患者的绝望水平进一步升高[8]-[10]。研究显示[13],疼痛会给患者带来极度的不适和折磨,干扰患者的食欲及睡眠质量,对其心理健康造成深远的负面影响。因此,对疾病进行早期诊断与症状的精准管理是改善患者预后的关键所在。

4.3. 心理与精神因素

心理与精神状态的波动与癌症患者绝望程度密切相关。研究发现,当患者感受到更多的焦虑[18]、抑郁[24]、孤独[25]、疾病不确定感[10]、士气低落[26]等负性情绪时,绝望感也随之加重。反之,提升疾病感知[27]、心理弹性[14]、精神健康[28]、精神取向[21]、及宗教信仰[29]等积极因素时,其绝望感则有所缓解。因此,尽早为癌症患者提供有效的心理支持和干预至关重要。

4.4. 社会因素

良好的家庭关怀和社会支持有助于患者应对生活中的负面事件。研究发现[13],当家庭成员为患者倾注更多的感情时能起到积极作用。社会支持作为抵御负面情绪的保护因素,在面对癌症引发的心理痛苦时可起到缓冲作用[30]。同时,经济条件的限制会使患者在获取医疗资源时面临更大挑战,进而加剧其对疾病及未来的担忧[12]

4.5. 其他因素

绝望感与身体意象和睡眠质量关系密切。① 身体意象。癌症患者术后若对自身形象评价较为积极,其绝望感相对较低[11]。② 睡眠障碍。大约66%的癌症患者均存在不同程度的睡眠障碍,此症状加重了病人的疲乏、绝望等身心负担[31]。因此,医护人员应在引导患者正确认识身体变化的同时,充分重视患者睡眠障碍的管理。

5. 干预措施

5.1. 基于正念疗法的摇摆技术(Mindfulness-Based Swinging Technique, MBST)

正念疗法是一种通过专注当下、以非评判态度觉察内外体验的心理疗法。Bahcivan [32]基于正念疗法开发了一项摇摆技术,让患者20分钟呼吸练习中摆动特定引导图像,如想象在安静环境荡秋千,秋千上升时深吸气、下降时呼气。结果表明,MBST能使患者显著缓解患者的绝望及焦虑,促使其心理状态趋于平静。8周的随访发现,MBST不仅能提供心理支持,还能通过提高血氧饱和度、调节血压等改善患者的整体健康状况[33]

5.2. 以意义为中心的干预(Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy, MCP)

以意义为中心的干预是一种帮助个体探索生活意义的心理治疗方法,分团体与个体两种形式。Breitbart [34]等对132例晚期癌症患者进行团体干预。患者围绕生命意义、死亡、孤独和自由等主题展开讨论,通过分享个人经历和情感来获得心理支持和情感共鸣,使其明确其生活意义,从而显著改善患者的心理状态。个体干预在团体基础上,深入回顾患者个人经历,挖掘生命意义来源,减轻绝望感,研究证实MCP能显著减轻晚期癌症患者的生存痛苦,特别对于生命仅剩数月的患者尤为适用[35]

5.3. 尊严疗法(Dignity Therapy, DT)

尊严疗法是一种通过回顾人生、表达情感等方式,帮助临终患者增强价值感和生命意义感。Chochinov等[36]对100名患者进行30~60分钟的访谈,患者回顾自己的生活经历与成就、对亲人的希望等,让其重新感受到自己的生命意义从而减轻绝望感。Gonzalez-Ling [37]等为晚期癌症患者开展了三次尊严疗法,证实DT在改善患者焦虑、抑郁、情绪困扰、绝望及尊严相关困扰等方面成效显著。

5.4. 家庭焦点计划

家庭焦点计划是基于家庭的护理干预,聚焦家庭参与、乐观态度、应对有效性、降低不确定性和症状管理五大核心领域。Northouse [38]等对235对患者及家属通过3次90分钟的访谈和2次30分钟电话会议进行干预。结果显示降低了负面评估、不确定性和绝望感的同时,还有效改善夫妻沟通。Northouse等[39]针对134对患者及其照顾者实施干预,通过促进患者与照顾者沟通、分享恐惧及保持乐观等多种方式,增强他们面对疾病的勇气,从而降低绝望感。因此,未来应发挥家庭支持的作用,帮助家庭成员系统掌握癌症治疗知识、症状观察技巧及心理疏导方法,提升家庭整体应对能力。

5.5. 致幻剂辅助治疗

裸盖菇素是一种具有致幻作用的色胺类药物,通过与人体神经系统中特定受体相互作用后引发一系列身心效应,常被国外作为辅助心理治疗的新型治疗剂[40]。Ross [41]等对29例癌症患者开展交叉随机对照试验,证实裸盖菇素联合心理治疗可显著减轻癌症相关的士气低落和绝望,且长期效果持续显著[42]。然而,此类药物目前存在诸多争议及限制,涉及相关法律、伦理及安全性等问题亟待明确。

6. 小结与展望

综上所述,绝望感在癌症患者中普遍存在,特别是疾病晚期阶段尤为强烈。我国关于癌症病人绝望感研究较少,且多为横断面研究,难以深入探究绝望感在疾病发展中的动态变化。未来应开展纵向研究,以全面追踪不同疾病阶段绝望感的具体表现形式及演变过程。同时,我国应在借鉴国外相关经验,研发符合国内文化背景的特异性测评工具,尽早筛查和预防癌症患者的绝望感,并制定个体化心理干预措施,以提升患者身心健康。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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