常见土方量计算方法适用性分析与研究

Analysis and Research on the Applicability of Common Earthwork Quantity Calculation Methods

摘要: 本文针对土方量计算中的方法选择与地形条件适配问题，系统研究了断面法、三角网法(TIN)、等高线法、方格网法及散点法五种方法的原理与精度差异。研究表明：地形复杂度是方法选择的核心依据。在复杂地形(如山地、坑塘)中，TIN法通过不规则三角网完整保留地貌特征，误差显著低于其他方法(≤0.5%)，而散点法因简化地形为水平面导致误差高达0.7% (实例中绝对误差188.48 m³)；在平坦区域，散点法(误差−1.0%)与方格网法(误差0.4%)可兼顾精度与效率，TIN法虽精度达标(0.4%)但性价比不足；断面法仅适用于狭长线性工程(道路案例误差0.2%)，平坦区误差达1.4%；等高线法受限于封闭地形假设，两类场景均表现最差(误差 > 1.2%)。研究提出“地形–方法–精度”量化适配图谱，并指出无人机倾斜摄影与点云处理技术(如布料滤波、空洞修复)可优化TIN法的数据采集效率，为复杂地形工程提供高精度解决方案。

Abstract: This article systematically studies the principles and accuracy differences of five methods, namely section method, triangulation irregular network (TIN), contour method, grid method, and scatter method, in order to address the issue of method selection and terrain condition adaptation in earthwork volume calculation. Research has shown that terrain complexity is the core criterion for method selection. In complex terrains (such as mountains and ponds), the TIN method preserves the geomorphic features completely through irregular triangulation, with significantly lower errors than other methods (≤0.5%), while the scatter method simplifies the terrain to a horizontal plane, resulting in an error of up to 0.7% (absolute error of 188.48 m³ in the example); in flat areas, the scatter method (with an error of −1.0%) and the grid method (with an error of 0.4%) can balance accuracy and efficiency. Although the TIN method meets the accuracy standard (0.4%), its cost-effectiveness is insufficient; the cross-sectional method is only applicable to narrow linear engineering (with a road case error of 0.2%), and the error in flat areas can reach 1.4%; the contour method is limited by the assumption of closed terrain, and both scenarios perform the worst (with an error > 1.2%). The study proposes a “terrain-method-accuracy” quantitative adaptation map and points out that unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photography and point cloud processing techniques (such as fabric filtering and hole repair) can optimize the data acquisition efficiency of TIN method, providing high-precision solutions for complex terrain engineering.