贵阳机场一次下击暴流天气过程的多源观测分析

Multi-Source Observational Analysis of a Downburst Weather Process at Guiyang Airport

摘要: 利用贵阳机场自动气象站、双偏振雷达、激光测风雷达及微波辐射计等多源观测数据，分析了2025年5月20日一次致灾性下击暴流过程。结果表明：中层干冷空气侵入叠加降水拖曳作用，触发了强下沉气流，导致地面瞬时风速达31.3 m/s的辐散型大风；自动气象站捕捉到跑道南北端反向风场(北风转东南风)、气压陡升3 hPa及气温骤降5.8℃；双偏振雷达识别出65 dBZ强回波、中气旋及冰雹相态(相关系数 < 0.9)；微波辐射计显示CAPE值剧增至1933 J/kg，液态水含量峰值1.32 g/m³，层结极度不稳定。通过多源观测数据协同分析为下击暴流预警提供了关键指标。

Abstract: Utilizing multi-source observational data from Guiyang Airport’s automatic weather station, dual-polarization radar, wind lidar, and microwave radiometer, this study analyzes a damaging downburst event occurring on May 20, 2025. Results indicate that the intrusion of mid-level dry cold air combined with precipitation drag triggered intense downdrafts, generating surface divergent winds with instantaneous speeds reaching 31.3 m/s. The automatic weather station captured opposing wind fields (northerly shifting to southeasterly) at runway ends, a 3 hPa pressure surge, and a 5.8˚C temperature drop. Dual-polarization radar identified 65 dBZ strong echoes, a mesocyclone, and hail signatures (correlation coefficient < 0.9). Microwave radiometer data revealed CAPE values sharply increasing to 1933 J/kg, liquid water content peaking at 1.32 g/m³, and extreme atmospheric instability. This multi-source collaborative analysis provides critical indicators for early warning of downbursts.