父母教养方式与青少年共情能力的相关研究

A Correlative Study on Parental Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Empathy Ability

摘要: 本研究深入探讨了父母教养方式与青少年共情能力的特征及其关联性，旨在为家庭教育和学校培养提供理论依据。通过全国随机抽样，向11~18岁青少年发放包含《中文版人际反应指针量表》和《中文版父母教养方式量表》的网络问卷，最终回收有效问卷479份。采用方差分析、t检验及相关分析等统计方法，得出以下结论：(1) 教养方式特征：主流家庭采用积极教养模式，青少年普遍感知到父母的情感温暖。留守经历青少年更易遭遇惩罚、否定等消极教养，非留守青少年则认为母亲给予更多积极支持。(2) 共情能力表现：青少年共情水平总体中等偏上，其中观点采择能力最强，同情关怀能力最弱。性别差异显著，女生总体共情能力及个人痛苦维度均明显高于男生。(3) 教养方式影响：父母情感温暖、偏爱被试、父亲过度保护及母亲过度干涉保护等六种教养维度，与青少年共情能力总分呈显著正相关。

Abstract: This study delves deeply into the characteristics and correlations between parenting styles and empathy abilities of adolescents, aiming to provide theoretical support for family education and school cultivation. Through a national random sampling, a web-based questionnaire containing the “Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index” and the “Chinese version of the Parenting Style Scale” was distributed to adolescents aged 11 to 18, and a total of 479 valid questionnaires were eventually collected. By employing statistical methods such as analysis of variance, t-tests, and correlation analysis, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Parenting style characteristics: The majority of families adopt a positive parenting model, and adolescents generally perceive emotional warmth from their parents. Adolescents with a history of being left behind are more likely to experience negative parenting styles such as punishment and denial, while non-left-behind adolescents believe that their mothers provide more positive support. (2) Empathy ability performance: The overall empathy level of adolescents is above average, with perspective-taking ability being the strongest and empathic concern ability being the weakest. There are significant gender differences, with girls having significantly higher overall empathy ability and personal distress dimension than boys. (3) Impact of parenting style: Six parenting dimensions, including parental emotional warmth, preference for the child, father’s overprotection, and mother’s over-interference protection, are significantly positively correlated with the total score of adolescents’ empathy ability.